Optimizing Phosphorus Application for Winter Wheat Production in the Coastal Saline Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site Characterization
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Sampling and Laboratory Measurements
2.4. Data Calculations
2.5. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Yield under Different P Rate and Source in Two Years
3.2. Estimated Optimal P Fertilizer Rate of Three P Sources Based on the Wheat Yield, Aboveground P Uptake and P Agronomy Efficiency
3.3. Effects of P Fertilizer Sources on Soil Alkaline Cations at Different Soil Depths
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Soil Depths | |
---|---|---|
0–20 cm | 20–40 cm | |
pH | 7.77 | 7.72 |
Bulk density (g cm−3) | 1.24 | 1.2 |
EC (μS cm−1) | 766 | 578 |
Salt content (g kg−1) | 2.14 | 2.2 |
Organic carbon (g kg−1) | 6.82 | 4.08 |
Total N content (g kg−1) | 0.95 | 0.68 |
Olsen-P (mg kg−1) | 7.06 | 5.81 |
Exchangeable K (mg kg−1) | 102 | 126 |
Soluble Ca2+ (mg kg−1) | 348 | 198 |
Soluble Na+ (mg kg−1) | 472 | 270 |
Characteristics | pH | TN | TP | Ions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | ||||
g kg−1 | g kg−1 | g kg−1 | |||||
SSP | 3.54 | 1 | 142 | 5.3 | 236.4 | 113.7 | 8.2 |
APP | 4.47 | 232 | 195 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
MAP | 4.24 | 109 | 405 | 4.1 | 11.3 | 7.8 | 7.1 |
Treatment | Grain Yield | Shoot Biomass | Spike Number | Grains Number | 1000-Kernel Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mg ha−1) | (Mg ha−1) | (m−2) | (Spike−1) | (g) | |
P rate (R) | |||||
CK | 3.06 c | 4.57 c | 324 c | 22.7 c | 33.4 c |
P1 | 5.65 b | 8.24 b | 503 b | 38.0 b | 36.1 b |
P2 | 6.64 a | 9.70 a | 631 a | 39.8 a | 37.9 a |
P3 | 6.67 a | 9.64 a | 637 a | 39.7 a | 37.8 a |
P4 | 6.74 a | 9.83 a | 642 a | 39.6 a | 37.8 a |
P source (S) | |||||
SSP | 6.13 a | 9.13 a | 544 a | 36.2 a | 37.9 a |
MAP | 5.51 b | 8.02 b | 558 a | 34.8 b | 35.5 c |
APP | 5.62 b | 8.04 b | 540 a | 36.8 a | 36.4 b |
Year (Y) | |||||
2017–2018 | 5.61 | 7.92 | 605 | 34.4 | 35.2 |
2018–2019 | 6.07 | 8.87 | 489 | 37.5 | 38.0 |
Source of variation | |||||
R | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
S | <0.001 | <0.001 | ns | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Y | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
R × S | <0.05 | <0.05 | ns | <0.001 | ns |
R × Y | ns | ns | ns | <0.05 | <0.01 |
S × Y | ns | ns | ns | ns | <0.05 |
R × S × Y | ns | ns | ns | <0.001 | <0.01 |
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Liu, L.; Miao, Q.; Wang, H.; Xue, Y.; Qi, S.; Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Meng, Q.; Cui, Z. Optimizing Phosphorus Application for Winter Wheat Production in the Coastal Saline Area. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2966. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122966
Liu L, Miao Q, Wang H, Xue Y, Qi S, Zhang J, Li J, Meng Q, Cui Z. Optimizing Phosphorus Application for Winter Wheat Production in the Coastal Saline Area. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):2966. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122966
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Lu, Qi Miao, Hongye Wang, Yanfang Xue, Shijun Qi, Jishi Zhang, Junchao Li, Qingfeng Meng, and Zhenling Cui. 2022. "Optimizing Phosphorus Application for Winter Wheat Production in the Coastal Saline Area" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 2966. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122966