Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Application on Maize Production in China over the Past 15 Years: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Collation
2.2. Calculation of Fertilizer-Use Efficiency (FUE)
2.3. Meta-Analysis
2.4. Scenario Analyses on the Carbon Footprint of Chemical Fertilization in Maize Production
- (1)
- Unchanged N, P, and K application rates.
- (2)
- A 0% increase in N fertilization with a 10% increase in P and K fertilization.
- (3)
- A 10% reduction in N fertilization with a 10% increase in P and K fertilization.
- (4)
- A 10% reduction in N, P, and K fertilization.
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of N Fertilization Level on Maize Yield and the FUE of N Fertilizers
3.2. The Effects of P Fertilization Levels on Maize Yield and the FUE of P Fertilizers
3.3. The Effects of K Fertilization Level on Maize Yields and the FUE of K Fertilizers
3.4. Potential Yield Enhancements and Emission Reductions via the Variation of Chemical Fertilization Rates
4. Discussion
4.1. Response of Maize Yield to Chemical Fertilization in Each Geographic Region
4.2. Response of Maize Yield and FUE to Vary Chemical Fertilization Levels in Different Periods
4.3. Potential for Maize Yield Enhancement and GHG Emission Reduction in China
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Northern Region | Huang-Huai-Hai Region | Southern Region | Southwest Region | Northwest Region | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sowing date | Early April to mid-May | Late April to mid-June | Mid-March to early April or | Late March to early June | Mid-April to early May |
late June to early August | |||||
Harvest period | Mid-September to mid-October | Late September to mid-June | Early July to late July or mid- | Late July to early October | Late September to mid-October |
September to late October | |||||
Average annual temperature (°C) | -1.2–12.6 | 7.0–15.4 | 14.8–22.8 | 11.3–19.0 | 3.7–9.0 |
Average annual precipitation (mm) | 168–1120 | 307–1000 | 995–1554 | 739–1378 | 104–208 |
≥10 °C accumulated temperature (°C) | 1500–3499 | 3000–4200 | 4500–8413 | 3752–5865 | 2824–3795 |
Average annual sunshine hours (h) | 922–3028 | 1285–2900 | 1968–3024 | 1000–2500 | 2710–3230 |
Frost free period (days) | 123–212 | 149–299 | 125–212 | 215–317 | 130–201 |
Available N (mg kg−1) | 20.5–237.5 | 13.8–174.0 | 16.3–134.0 | 14.5–167.0 | 17.1–159.0 |
Available P (mg kg−1) | 6.6–202.8 | 5.5–84.2 | 5.8–101.8 | 2.2–97.5 | 1.4–61.3 |
Available K (mg kg−1) | 52.0–235.0 | 19.7–254.0 | 29.5–244.0 | 43.6–254.4 | 52.3–354.0 |
Organic matter (g kg−1) | 7.3–34.4 | 6.9–37.7 | 6.8–33.4 | 3.2–67.0 | 5.3–43.9 |
pH | 4.6–8.7 | 5.8–8.8 | 4.5–7.8 | 4.5–8.6 | 7.2–8.9 |
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Kong, F.; Wu, Y.; Cui, S.; Wang, X.; Wei, G.; Liu, Q.; Lan, T.; Liu, F.; Zhao, B.; Feng, D.; et al. Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Application on Maize Production in China over the Past 15 Years: A Meta-Analysis. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3005. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123005
Kong F, Wu Y, Cui S, Wang X, Wei G, Liu Q, Lan T, Liu F, Zhao B, Feng D, et al. Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Application on Maize Production in China over the Past 15 Years: A Meta-Analysis. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3005. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123005
Chicago/Turabian StyleKong, Fanlei, Yawei Wu, Shilei Cui, Xinglong Wang, Gui Wei, Qinlin Liu, Tianqiong Lan, Fan Liu, Bo Zhao, Dongju Feng, and et al. 2022. "Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Application on Maize Production in China over the Past 15 Years: A Meta-Analysis" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3005. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123005