Comparison of Droplet Distribution and Control Effect of Wheat Aphids under Different Operation Parameters of the Crop Protection UAV in the Wheat Flowering Stage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Site
2.2. Test Equipment and Materials
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Investigation on Field Distribution of Wheat Aphids and Plant Characteristics
2.3.2. Droplet Distribution Test of P20 UAV
Operation Parameter Design
Sampling Point Arrangement
Droplet Distribution Analysis
2.3.3. Control Test of Wheat Aphids
Test Fields and Pesticide Usage Setting
Determination of Wheat Aphid Control Effect
2.4. Data Statistics and Processing
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Wheat Aphids and Plant Characteristics
3.2. Droplet Depositon in Wheat Canopy
3.2.1. Droplet Coverage Density of Wheat
3.2.2. Uniformity of Droplet Coverage Density
3.3. Control Effect of Wheat Aphids
3.3.1. Operation Parameter Screening for Aphids Control Test
3.3.2. Control Effect of Wheat Aphids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Time | Growth Period | Plant Mean Height (cm) | Mean Wind Speed (m/s) | Mean Temperature (℃) | Mean Relative Humidity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–22 April 2020 | Flowering Stage | 65.6 | 1.6 | 17.3 | 63.6 |
Items | Parameter |
---|---|
Size of UAV/mm | 1262 × 1250 × 490 |
Type of nozzle | Centrifugal nozzle |
Numbers of nozzles | 4 |
Rated capacity/L | 10 |
FS/(m/s) | 3–6 |
FH/m | 1.5–2.5 |
No. | FS/(m/s) | FH/m | SW Measured/m | SW Set/m | Dosage/(L/ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 3 | 1.5 | 2.96 | 3 | 12 |
A2 | 3 | 2 | 2.81 | 2.8 | |
A3 | 3 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | |
B1 | 4 | 1.5 | 2.43 | 2.5 | |
B2 | 4 | 2 | 2.31 | 2.3 | |
B3 | 4 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | |
C1 | 5 | 1.5 | 2.13 | 2.1 | |
C2 | 5 | 2 | 2.09 | 2.1 | |
C3 | 5 | 2.5 | 1.98 | 2.0 | |
D1 | 6 | 1.5 | 2.01 | 2.0 | |
D2 | 6 | 2 | 1.88 | 1.9 | |
D3 | 6 | 2.5 | 1.79 | 1.8 |
Time | 7:00–7:30 | 9:00–9:30 | 11:00–11:30 | 13:00–13:30 | 15:00–15:30 | 17:00–17:30 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper | 1.21% | 0.81% | 0.68% | 0.51% | 0.42% | 0.46% |
Middle | 8.18% | 7.05% | 5.11% | 3.19% | 3.23% | 3.11% |
Lower | 90.61% | 92.04% | 94.21% | 96.3% | 96.35% | 96.43% |
Temperature | 13.5 ℃ | 15.2 ℃ | 21.5 ℃ | 23.6 ℃ | 19.5 ℃ | 18.3 ℃ |
Spraying Date | Treatment | Droplet Coverage Density/ (Droplets/cm2) | CV of Droplet Coverage Density/(%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | ||
22 April 2020 | A1 | 42.04 ± 3.00a | 28.53 ± 2.52a | 17.07 ± 2.00f | 21.00 ± 1.21g |
A2 | 37.87 ± 2.01ab | 24.25 ± 1.88bc | 21.20 ± 1.90f | 32.30 ± 3.15f | |
A3 | 28.49 ± 2.50de | 18.50 ± 2.50def | 38.37 ± 4.15cde | 43.63 ± 3.85de | |
B1 | 36.49 ± 3.50ab | 26.13 ± 2.01ab | 21.97 ± 2.36f | 37.33 ± 2.08ef | |
B2 | 30.09 ± 1.01cd | 21.03 ± 2.00cde | 36.30 ± 4.85de | 42.30 ± 2.96de | |
B3 | 27.37 ± 4.50def | 17.86 ± 1.79ef | 44.97 ± 6.40bc | 54.17 ± 8.50bc | |
C1 | 34.40 ± 1.40bc | 21.53 ± 1.50cd | 33.30 ± 2.85e | 43.73 ± 3.45de | |
C2 | 24.53 ± 2.50efg | 15.65 ± 2.51fg | 42.60 ± 4.15cd | 49.90 ± 3.25cd | |
C3 | 20.65 ± 2.51gh | 9.65 ± 1.52hi | 49.83 ± 3.26ab | 56.53 ± 5.55bc | |
D1 | 26.07 ± 1.01def | 16.01 ± 2.00fg | 38.47 ± 1.52cde | 49.27 ± 5.90cd | |
D2 | 23.57 ± 3.50fg | 12.57 ± 1.91gh | 45.27 ± 4.15bc | 58.37 ± 5.10b | |
D3 | 16.33 ± 1.53h | 8.43 ± 1.51i | 54.17 ± 5.05a | 67.23 ± 4.80a |
Factor | Droplet Coverage Density Upper | Droplet Coverage Density Lower | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Value of Sig. | Significance | Value of SIG. | Significance | |
FH | 5.93 × 10−4 | * | 4.6 × 10−5 | * |
FS | 6.34 × 10−4 | * | 3.64 × 10−5 | * |
Factor | CV Upper | CV Lower | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Value of Sig. | Significance | Value of Sig. | Significance | |
FH | 2.88 × 10−4 | * | 1.02 × 10−4 | * |
FS | 6.32 × 10−4 | * | 4.56 × 10−5 | * |
Treatment | FS/ (m/s) | FH/ m | SW/ m | Routes | Flight Time/ s | Operation Efficiency/ (ha/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 3 | 1.5 | 3 | 6 | 130 | 0.042 |
A2 | 3 | 2 | 2.8 | 6 | ||
A3 | 3 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 6 | ||
B1 | 4 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 7 | 124 | 0.044 |
B2 | 4 | 2 | 2.3 | 8 | 142 | 0.038 |
B3 | 4 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 8 | ||
C1 | 5 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 9 | 151 | 0.036 |
C2 | 5 | 2 | 2.1 | 9 | ||
C3 | 5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 9 | ||
D1 | 6 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 9 | 144 | 0.038 |
D2 | 6 | 2 | 1.9 | 9 | ||
D3 | 6 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 9 |
Field | FS/(m/s) | FH/m | Na/(No./100 Plants) | Nb(No./100 Plants) | Control Effect(%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Day | 3 Days | 7 Days | 1 Day | 3 Days | 7 Days | ||||
1 | 3 m/s | 1.5 m | 1624 | 403 | 175 | 170 | 75.6 | 89.5 | 90.8 |
2 | 1763 | 525 | 276 | 134 | 71.1 | 86.9 | 93.3 | ||
3 | 4 m/s | 1.5 m | 1526 | 525 | 275 | 325 | 66.2 | 82.4 | 81.3 |
4 | 1417 | 603 | 317 | 287 | 58.2 | 78.2 | 82.2 | ||
5 | CK | 1438 | 1464 | 1475 | 1505 | / |
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Sun, T.; Zhang, S.; Xue, X.; Jiao, Y. Comparison of Droplet Distribution and Control Effect of Wheat Aphids under Different Operation Parameters of the Crop Protection UAV in the Wheat Flowering Stage. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123175
Sun T, Zhang S, Xue X, Jiao Y. Comparison of Droplet Distribution and Control Effect of Wheat Aphids under Different Operation Parameters of the Crop Protection UAV in the Wheat Flowering Stage. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123175
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Tao, Songchao Zhang, Xinyu Xue, and Yuxuan Jiao. 2022. "Comparison of Droplet Distribution and Control Effect of Wheat Aphids under Different Operation Parameters of the Crop Protection UAV in the Wheat Flowering Stage" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123175
APA StyleSun, T., Zhang, S., Xue, X., & Jiao, Y. (2022). Comparison of Droplet Distribution and Control Effect of Wheat Aphids under Different Operation Parameters of the Crop Protection UAV in the Wheat Flowering Stage. Agronomy, 12(12), 3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123175