CO2 Elevation and Nitrogen Supply Alter the Growth and Physiological Responses of Tomato and Barley Plants to Drought Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Measurement
2.2.1. Leaf Gas Exchange Rates
2.2.2. Plant–Water Relation Characteristics
2.2.3. Plant Transpiration, Dry Biomass Accumulation, Leaf Area, and Water Use Efficiency
2.2.4. C and N Concentrations and C:N Ratio in Leaves
2.2.5. Leaf ABA Concentration
2.3. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Leaf Gas Exchange and Stomatal Density
3.2. Plant Water Relations
3.3. Plant Water Consumption
3.4. Plant Dry Mass Accumulation and Water Use Efficiency in Plant
3.5. Leaf Area and Specific Leaf Area
3.6. C and N Concentrations in Leaf
3.7. Leaf ABA Concentration and the Relation with gs
4. Discussion
4.1. Responses of Leaf Gas Exchange to e[CO2] and N Treatments
4.2. Variations of Plant–Water Relations under e[CO2] and Different N Treatment
4.3. Responses of Plant Growth to e[CO2] under Different N Treatments
4.4. Responses of Leaf C:N Stoichiometry to e[CO2] and N Treatments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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[CO2] | Water Status | [N] | RWC | Ψ1 | WU | DMleaf | DMstem | ΔDM | WUE | LA | SLA | [C]leaf | [N]leaf | [C:N]leaf | [ABA]leaf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPa | dm3 plant−1 | g | g | g | kg m−3 | cm2 | cm2 g−1 | mg g−1 | mg g−1 | ng g−1 FW | |||||
400 ppm | W | N1 | 0.93 ± 0.02 | −0.68 ± 0.06 | 5.86 ± 0.05 | 7.34 ± 0.29 | 12.61 ± 0.03 | 14.42 ± 0.27 | 2.46 ± 0.04 | 1934.47 ± 117.35 | 263.56 ± 12.65 | 449.20 ± 6.50 | 34.42 ± 0.46 | 13.05 ± 0.10 | 12.85 ± 0.50 |
N2 | 0.94 ± 0.01 | −0.51 ± 0.11 | 5.90 ± 0.06 | 8.49 ± 0.23 | 12.63 ± 0.34 | 16.21 ± 0.35 | 2.75 ± 0.04 | 2288.88 ± 51.58 | 269.89 ± 3.75 | 468.18 ± 0.93 | 51.76 ± 0.93 | 9.05 ± 0.17 | 12.71 ± 0.67 | ||
D | N1 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | −2.74 ± 0.17 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 3.69 ± 0.12 | 3.74 ± 0.23 | 1.89 ± 0.22 | 1.92 ± 0.24 | 630.50 ± 29.15 | 170.93 ± 4.80 | 460.20 ± 4.16 | 45.47 ± 0.71 | 10.13 ± 0.22 | 180.36 ± 7.48 | |
N2 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | −2.78 ± 0.15 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 3.92 ± 0.08 | 3.75 ± 0.17 | 2.76 ± 0.24 | 2.87 ± 0.27 | 679.24 ± 18.96 | 173.65 ± 5.73 | 456.41 ± 3.07 | 49.94 ± 0.80 | 9.15 ± 0.19 | 130.77 ± 2.94 | ||
R | N1 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | −0.52 ± 0.08 | 2.51 ± 0.02 | 5.88 ± 0.29 | 6.39 ± 0.07 | 6.74 ± 0.35 | 2.69 ± 0.12 | 1406.73 ± 82.73 | 238.76 ± 2.42 | 469.28 ± 1.70 | 39.64 ± 0.84 | 11.85 ± 0.24 | 19.41 ± 0.97 | |
N2 | 0.94 ± 0.01 | −0.47 ± 0.04 | 2.50 ± 0.03 | 6.53 ± 0.20 | 6.77 ± 0.14 | 8.40 ± 0.33 | 3.36 ± 0.13 | 1667.84 ± 54.58 | 255.61 ± 8.40 | 469.48 ± 5.69 | 53.30 ± 0.28 | 8.81 ± 0.11 | 15.13 ± 0.40 | ||
800 ppm | W | N1 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | −0.97 ± 0.05 | 4.50 ± 0.34 | 4.35 ± 0.38 | 15.67 ± 0.46 | 14.84 ± 0.72 | 3.33 ± 0.17 | 969.03 ± 87.57 | 222.68 ± 1.40 | 460.76 ± 2.40 | 34.09 ± 1.67 | 13.62 ± 0.70 | 17.32 ± 0.85 |
N2 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | −0.62 ± 0.08 | 5.58 ± 0.48 | 6.43 ± 0.78 | 18.81 ± 1.18 | 20.64 ± 1.77 | 3.72 ± 0.20 | 1509.75 ± 163.45 | 236.07 ± 9.42 | 473.20 ± 4.28 | 46.19 ± 1.18 | 10.27 ± 0.29 | 13.77 ± 0.43 | ||
D | N1 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | −3.38 ± 0.18 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 2.70 ± 0.29 | 5.08 ± 0.30 | 2.60 ± 0.53 | 2.69 ± 0.57 | 430.65 ± 23.00 | 163.62 ± 12.04 | 471.22 ± 3.55 | 36.41 ± 0.61 | 12.95 ± 0.18 | 157.44 ± 6.59 | |
N2 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | −2.67 ± 0.13 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 2.96 ± 0.47 | 5.54 ± 0.46 | 3.90 ± 0.89 | 4.27 ± 0.99 | 463.62 ± 28.59 | 164.97 ± 13.84 | 475.40 ± 4.66 | 39.48 ± 0.73 | 12.06 ± 0.24 | 130.45 ± 5.80 | ||
R | N1 | 0.88 ± 0.03 | −0.66 ± 0.02 | 2.54 ± 0.03 | 4.41 ± 0.22 | 8.49 ± 0.13 | 7.72 ± 0.18 | 3.05 ± 0.04 | 952.18 ± 43.13 | 216.35 ± 3.59 | 473.13 ± 4.58 | 38.12 ± 0.55 | 12.42 ± 0.18 | 11.96 ± 0.50 | |
N2 | 0.87 ± 0.02 | −0.67 ± 0.07 | 2.62 ± 0.08 | 4.66 ± 0.41 | 8.85 ± 0.44 | 8.92 ± 0.83 | 3.38 ± 0.21 | 1033.72 ± 91.47 | 221.84 ± 5.28 | 463.69 ± 1.41 | 49.81 ± 0.12 | 9.31 ± 0.03 | 12.35 ± 0.47 | ||
Output of three-way ANOVA | |||||||||||||||
[CO2] | ns | * | * | *** | *** | ** | * | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | ns | ||
[N] | ns | * | ns | ** | * | *** | * | *** | ns | ns | *** | *** | *** | ||
[Water] | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns | *** | ** | *** | ||
[CO2] × [N] | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ||
[CO2] × [Water] | * | ns | ** | * | *** | ns | ns | *** | ns | ns | *** | *** | ns | ||
[N] × [Water] | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns | * | *** | *** | *** | ||
[CO2] × [N] × [Water] | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
[CO2] | Water Status | [N] | RWC | Ψ1 | WU | DMleaf | DMstem | ΔDM | WUE | LA | SLA | [C]leaf | [N]leaf | [C:N]leaf | [ABA]leaf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPa | dm³ plant−¹ | g | g | g | kg m−³ | cm² | cm² g−¹ | mg g−¹ | mg g−¹ | ng g−¹ FW | |||||
400 ppm | W | N1 | 0.94 ± 0.01 | −0.47 ± 0.02 | 3.93 ± 0.19 | 18.18 ± 0.38 | 7.94 ± 0.24 | 21.42 ± 0.49 | 5.38 ± 0.40 | 2247.90 ± 41.51 | 123.85 ± 3.24 | 469.60 ± 3.95 | 20.72 ± 0.53 | 22.73 ± 0.66 | 90.25 ± 2.80 |
N2 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | −0.50 ± 0.03 | 4.64 ± 0.16 | 21.36 ± 0.72 | 7.33 ± 0.59 | 24.18 ± 1.22 | 5.23 ± 0.31 | 3098.93 ± 55.33 | 145.83 ± 6.20 | 485.54 ± 2.39 | 33.07 ± 1.53 | 14.80 ± 0.65 | 111.34 ± 3.38 | ||
D | N1 | 0.69 ± 0.00 | −1.74 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 5.57 ± 0.25 | 2.31 ± 0.17 | 3.19 ± 0.35 | 3.22 ± 0.38 | 708.23 ± 65.09 | 141.78 ± 7.95 | 487.01 ± 3.75 | 51.15 ± 2.36 | 9.61 ± 0.48 | 171.53 ± 4.24 | |
N2 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | −1.71 ± 0.04 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 5.94 ± 0.26 | 2.15 ± 0.22 | 3.51 ± 0.47 | 3.65 ± 0.47 | 881.51 ± 49.11 | 148.21 ± 2.19 | 489.97 ± 2.89 | 57.82 ± 2.93 | 8.56 ± 0.42 | 186.46 ± 8.18 | ||
R | N1 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | −0.49 ± 0.03 | 2.16 ± 0.05 | 10.81 ± 0.18 | 4.38 ± 0.27 | 11.66 ± 0.18 | 5.40 ± 0.08 | 1771.79 ± 12.50 | 164.02 ± 2.69 | 469.20 ± 2.70 | 31.75 ± 0.62 | 14.79 ± 0.22 | 76.94 ± 3.26 | |
N2 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | −0.46 ± 0.03 | 2.34 ± 0.11 | 11.63 ± 0.34 | 3.88 ± 0.12 | 11.86 ± 0.58 | 5.08 ± 0.16 | 2024.40 ± 101.62 | 173.91 ± 5.26 | 484.93 ± 2.74 | 43.08 ± 1.57 | 11.32 ± 0.43 | 78.82 ± 3.16 | ||
800 ppm | W | N1 | 0.94 ± 0.01 | −0.43 ± 0.02 | 3.73 ± 0.25 | 19.50 ± 0.87 | 9.75 ± 0.56 | 25.70 ± 0.97 | 6.96 ± 0.34 | 2148.63 ± 90.52 | 110.27 ± 1.15 | 469.10 ± 3.15 | 16.76 ± 0.33 | 28.04 ± 0.61 | 110.32 ± 3.74 |
N2 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | −0.47 ± 0.04 | 4.78 ± 0.29 | 23.03 ± 0.56 | 8.73 ± 0.31 | 29.21 ± 0.81 | 6.18 ± 0.35 | 2971.95 ± 89.28 | 129.01 ± 1.17 | 474.71 ± 4.09 | 26.10 ± 0.40 | 18.21 ± 0.35 | 107.91 ± 5.77 | ||
D | N1 | 0.80 ± 0.02 | −1.19 ± 0.15 | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 8.12 ± 0.29 | 3.88 ± 0.16 | 6.80 ± 0.44 | 7.22 ± 0.46 | 1120.96 ± 19.63 | 138.42 ± 2.69 | 467.93 ± 3.13 | 31.80 ± 0.69 | 14.75 ± 0.41 | 217.55 ± 9.11 | |
N2 | 0.77 ± 0.03 | −1.53 ± 0.10 | 0.96 ± 0.00 | 6.96 ± 0.29 | 2.95 ± 0.12 | 5.06 ± 0.22 | 5.29 ± 0.24 | 1018.41 ± 70.82 | 146.70 ± 9.69 | 489.39 ± 2.31 | 44.44 ± 2.42 | 11.15 ± 0.65 | 173.50 ± 5.21 | ||
R | N1 | 0.92 ± 0.00 | −0.48 ± 0.02 | 1.89 ± 0.02 | 12.43 ± 0.28 | 5.91 ± 0.17 | 13.36 ± 0.26 | 7.08 ± 0.21 | 1629.58 ± 46.03 | 131.11 ± 1.49 | 468.18 ± 2.00 | 27.20 ± 0.75 | 17.26 ± 0.45 | 128.31 ± 5.39 | |
N2 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | −0.56 ± 0.03 | 2.34 ± 0.13 | 13.25 ± 0.25 | 4.77 ± 0.21 | 14.24 ± 0.16 | 6.16 ± 0.39 | 2086.50 ± 77.38 | 157.91 ± 7.89 | 479.93 ± 3.32 | 42.25 ± 1.45 | 11.41 ± 0.40 | 105.98 ± 3.42 | ||
Output of three-way ANOVA | |||||||||||||||
[CO2] | * | ** | ns | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||
[N] | ns | ns | *** | *** | *** | * | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | ||
[Water] | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | ||
[CO2] × [N] | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | *** | ||
[CO2] × [Water] | ** | *** | ns | ns | ns | * | * | ** | * | ns | *** | *** | ** | ||
[N] × [Water] | ns | ns | ** | *** | ns | *** | ns | *** | ns | ns | ns | *** | * | ||
[CO2] × [N] × [Water] | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
Barley | Tomato | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | C | Tplant max | S | C | Tplant max | ||
400 ppm | N1 | 0.41 (0.38–0.45) | 0.49 (0.46–0.53) | 0.23 (0.22–0.24) | 0.42 (0.38–0.46) | 0.46 (0.42–0.50) | 0.21 (0.21–0.22) |
N2 | 0.35 (0.30–0.40) | 0.55 (0.48–0.61) | 0.22 (0.21–0.23) | 0.34 (0.29–0.39) | 0.52 (0.46–0.60) | 0.20 (0.19–0.21) | |
800 ppm | N1 | 0.38 (0.31–0.45) | 0.39 (0.33–0.44) | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.30 (0.26–0.35) | 0.63 (0.55–0.71) | 0.21 (0.20–0.22) |
N2 | 0.35 (0.29–0.41) | 0.48 (0.41–0.55) | 0.18 (0.17–0.20) | 0.40 (0.36–0.44) | 0.52 (0.47–0.57) | 0.21 (0.20–0.23) |
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Chen, Y.; Wei, Z.; Wan, H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Liu, F. CO2 Elevation and Nitrogen Supply Alter the Growth and Physiological Responses of Tomato and Barley Plants to Drought Stress. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081821
Chen Y, Wei Z, Wan H, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu F. CO2 Elevation and Nitrogen Supply Alter the Growth and Physiological Responses of Tomato and Barley Plants to Drought Stress. Agronomy. 2022; 12(8):1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081821
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yiting, Zhenhua Wei, Heng Wan, Jiarui Zhang, Jie Liu, and Fulai Liu. 2022. "CO2 Elevation and Nitrogen Supply Alter the Growth and Physiological Responses of Tomato and Barley Plants to Drought Stress" Agronomy 12, no. 8: 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081821