Assessing the Impacts of Fertilization Regimes on Soil Aggregate Dynamics in Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Study Design
2.2.1. Soil Sampling and Processing
2.2.2. Soil Analyses
2.2.3. Calculation
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Treatments on the Size Distribution and Stability of Soil Aggregates
3.1.1. Aggregate-Size Distribution
3.1.2. Aggregate Stability
3.2. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Treatments on Soil pH
3.3. Relationships between Soil pH and the Proportion of Soil MacroAggregates and Aggregate Stability
3.4. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Treatments on SOC Content and Stock in Bulk Soil and Water-Stable Aggregates
3.4.1. SOC Content and Stock in Bulk Soil
3.4.2. SOC Content and Stock in Water-Stable Soil Aggregates
3.5. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Treatments on TN Content and Stock in Bulk Soil and Water-Stable Aggregates
3.5.1. Soil TN Content and Stock in Bulk Soil
3.5.2. TN Content and Stock in Water-Stable Soil Aggregates
3.6. Contributions of SOC in Soil Aggregates to Bulk Soil SOC under Different Fertilization Treatments
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Practices on the Size Distribution and Stability of Aggregates in Dark Brown Soil
4.2. Effects of Soil pH on Aggregate Stability in Dark Brown Soil
4.3. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Treatments on SOC and TN Content and Stock in Bulk Soil and Water-Stable Aggregates in Dark Brown Soil
4.4. Contributions of SOC and TN in Soil Aggregates to Bulk Soil SOC and TN under Different Fertilization Treatments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Chemical Fertilizer | Organic Fertilizer | The Total dose Per Year | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | Total | |
CK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NP | 37.5 | 37.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 0 | 75 |
2NP | 75 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 150 |
4NP | 150 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 150 | 150 | 0 | 300 |
M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 15 | 12 | 29 | 15 | 12 | 56 |
M+2NP | 75 | 75 | 0 | 29 | 15 | 12 | 104 | 90 | 12 | 206 |
Treatment | MWD (mm) | GMD (mm) | D | R > 0.25 mm (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 0.49 ± 0.01 b | 0.19 ± 0.00 b | 2.62 ± 0.01 b | 0.27 ± 0.01 c |
NP | 0.46 ± 0.03 bc | 0.18 ± 0.01 bc | 2.65 ± 0.02 ab | 0.27 ± 0.02 c |
2NP | 0.44 ± 0.04 cd | 0.16 ± 0.01 c | 2.67 ± 0.01 a | 0.25 ± 0.02 cd |
4NP | 0.41 ± 0.02 d | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | 2.68 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 d |
M | 0.59 ± 0.03 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 2.53 ± 0.04 c | 0.38 ± 0.01 a |
M+2NP | 0.55 ± 0.03 a | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 2.55 ± 0.02 c | 0.35 ± 0.03 b |
R > 0.25 mm | MWD | GMD | D | pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R > 0.25 mm | 1 | ||||
MWD | 0.986 ** | 1 | |||
GMD | 0.988 ** | 0.984 ** | 1 | ||
D | −0.955 ** | −0.963 ** | −0.988 ** | 1 | |
pH | 0.974 ** | 0.965 ** | 0.972 ** | −0.947 ** | 1 |
SOC Content g kg−1 | TN Content g kg−1 | C/N | SOC Stock t C ha−1 | TN Stock t N ha−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 20.25 ± 0.68 b | 1.54 ± 0.04 b | 13.18 ± 0.21 a | 50.60 ± 1.52 b | 3.84 ± 0.08 b |
NP | 19.34 ± 0.97 bc | 1.44 ± 0.07 bc | 13.46 ± 0.39 a | 48.54 ± 2.19 bc | 3.61 ± 0.16 bc |
2NP | 16.85 ± 0.32 c | 1.21 ± 0.05 d | 13.96 ± 0.89 a | 42.80 ± 0.75 c | 3.07 ± 0.14 d |
4NP | 19.16 ± 1.85 bc | 1.30 ± 0.08 cd | 14.77 ± 1.78 a | 48.10 ± 4.23 bc | 3.27 ± 0.21 cd |
M | 24.08 ± 2.56 a | 2.36 ± 0.12 a | 10.19 ± 0.60 b | 59.03 ± 5.56 a | 5.79 ± 0.22 a |
M+2NP | 25.18 ± 1.54 a | 2.46 ± 0.19 a | 10.25 ± 0.22 b | 61.44 ± 3.33 a | 6.00 ± 0.43 a |
Treatment | Contribution of OC in Aggregate to SOC (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>2 mm | 2–0.25 mm | Sum | 0.25–0.053 mm | <0.053 mm | Sum | |
CK | 2.03 ± 0.32 a | 26.89 ± 2.91 b | 28.92 ± 3.17 b | 49.60 ± 6.59 a | 18.73 ± 0.38 b | 68.34 ± 6.72 ab |
NP | 1.68 ± 0.27 a | 26.43 ± 2.50 b | 28.10 ± 2.74 b | 46.47 ± 3.58 a | 19.41 ± 1.31 b | 65.88 ± 2.28 ab |
2NP | 1.73 ± 0.39 a | 23.25 ± 3.71 b | 24.99 ± 3.97 b | 49.24 ± 9.64 a | 22.96 ± 2.89 a | 72.20 ± 11.99 a |
4NP | 1.63 ± 0.26 a | 21.64 ± 3.55 b | 23.27 ± 3.80 b | 46.04 ± 8.51 a | 20.48 ± 0.38 ab | 66.52 ± 8.18 ab |
M | 2.14 ± 0.15 a | 45.74 ± 4.15 a | 47.87 ± 4.01 a | 43.43 ± 2.01 a | 11.13 ± 2.81 c | 54.57 ± 3.69 b |
M+2NP | 1.92 ± 0.33 a | 43.20 ± 1.39 a | 45.12 ± 1.72 a | 44.86 ± 6.36 a | 12.38 ± 1.62 c | 57.25 ± 6.88 b |
Treatment | Contribution of TN in Aggregate to TN (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>2 mm | 2–0.25 mm | Sum | 0.25–0.053 mm | <0.053 mm | Sum | |
CK | 2.29 ± 0.17 a | 27.79 ± 2.04 b | 30.09 ± 2.15 b | 52.90 ± 7.12 ab | 21.86 ± 3.21 b | 74.76 ± 8.82 bc |
NP | 1.92 ± 0.29 a | 29.44 ± 4.77 b | 31.36 ± 4.90 b | 52.52 ± 7.89 ab | 23.07 ± 1.97 b | 75.59 ± 7.90 bc |
2NP | 2.14 ± 0.38 a | 30.20 ± 3.85 b | 32.34 ± 4.17 b | 62.09 ± 12.58 a | 31.74 ± 5.80 a | 93.83 ± 17.19 a |
4NP | 2.02 ± 0.27 a | 25.03 ± 3.97 b | 27.05 ± 4.24 b | 53.52 ± 5.40 ab | 25.78 ± 3.82 ab | 79.30 ± 3.65 ab |
M | 2.07 ± 0.29 a | 42.41 ± 6.33 a | 44.49 ± 6.19 a | 43.81 ± 2.56 b | 12.24 ± 3.03 c | 56.05 ± 0.48 d |
M+2NP | 1.85 ± 0.31 a | 40.35 ± 1.28 a | 42.21 ± 1.37 a | 44.93 ± 6.84 b | 13.89 ± 1.96 c | 58.82 ± 7.71 cd |
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Ding, W.; He, H.; Zheng, F.; Liu, X.; Wu, X.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, J. Assessing the Impacts of Fertilization Regimes on Soil Aggregate Dynamics in Northeast China. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092101
Ding W, He H, Zheng F, Liu X, Wu X, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Assessing the Impacts of Fertilization Regimes on Soil Aggregate Dynamics in Northeast China. Agronomy. 2022; 12(9):2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092101
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Weiting, Hailong He, Fengjun Zheng, Xiaotong Liu, Xueping Wu, Yu Jiang, and Jizong Zhang. 2022. "Assessing the Impacts of Fertilization Regimes on Soil Aggregate Dynamics in Northeast China" Agronomy 12, no. 9: 2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092101