Multi-Traits Selection of Maize Hybrids under Sole-Crop and Multiple-Crops with Soybean

Abstract

Multi-trait selection is very helpful in plant breeding programs. This technique can select genotypes for specific traits. Yield performance of maize hybrids is influenced by genotype-by-environment interactions (GEIs). This requires multi-environmental testing to identify superior hybrids. The aims of this study were to: (1) select maize hybrids within favorable traits such as grain yield and yield attributes; (2) identify genotype and environment interactions (GEIs) within maize yield; (3) evaluate maize hybrids adaptability to four different locations in West Java; and (4) identify a representative environment for testing and developing new maize hybrids. Twenty-two maize hybrids were evaluated using a randomized block design repeated three times in each environment. The genotype by traits (GT) biplot showed that G3 maize hybrid was superior to ear weight (EW), ear weight without corn husk (EwoH), ear weight per plot (EWP), plant height (PH), ear diameter (ED), and 1000 seed weight (OSW) traits. The G22 maize hybrid was superior to ear weight without corn husk per plot (EwoP), ratio seed weight and ear weight without corn husk (RSEW), grain yield per ha (Y), seed weight (SW), and seed weight per plot (SWP) traits. Combined analysis of variance showed that genotype (G), environment (E), and their interactions (GEIs) had a significant effect on yield (p < 0.01) with contributions of 85.63%, 2.24%, and 12.13%, respectively. The combined stability measurement results and the GGE biplot reveal that G2 is a stable high-yield hybrid, while G4 and G16 are unstable high-yield hybrids. The most representative environment is Arjasari, with the sole-cropping system (ARJ M). This study reveals that the resulting maize hybrid can be useful as a substitute for commercial hybrids currently used. The stable high yield of maize hybrids can be recommended as new varieties with wide adaptation, while unstable high-yield hybrids can be recommended as varieties adapted to specific environments.

1. Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an essential and deliberate commodity that can be cultivated in various agro-ecological systems. Maize is a necessary food for most people worldwide [1]. Furthermore, maize is also useful as animal feed, especially for cattle, and as an industrial raw material [2,3,4]. To satisfy the predicted rise in food demand, maize production and productivity must improve by 2.40% per year [5]. However, maize yields have plateaued, with an average yield of 2 t·ha⁻¹ in numerous nations [6]. Yields have recently decreased, endangering future food security [7,8,9]. The yield decline was caused by a genetic decline in maize germplasm [6]. Assembling new genetic variations of germplasm via crosses that involve different natural resources can increase superior maize yields [10]. Germplasm of the tropical maize has the potential to help the maize seed grow [6]. Nevertheless, the tropical germplasm of maize has more undesirable genes than the subtropical germplasm, which is particularly beneficial for improvement [11]. The introgression of subtropical into tropical genes of maize has been shown to improve diversity in genes and heterosis in breeding schemes of maize [12,13]. However, the hybrids developed from cross-breeding have different adaptability to environmental change [14]. As a result, a rise in grain yields is required to meet national and worldwide food demands; thus, it must be investigated in a particular environment of production to discover superior and stable hybrids.

Climate change is a major factor that influences productivity in agriculture and is unpredictable. Meanwhile, the climate conditions nearly involved rainfed agriculture, such as staple food commodities (rice, maize, and wheat) [15]. The climate will affect water availability, humidity, and sunlight intensity. The ecosystem will fluctuate in temperature and rainfall due to climate change scenarios [16]. Climate change will also affect food safety and diminish crop production since it is affected by environmental conditions such as nutrition and water availability [17].

Multiple cropping systems are an excellent tool to test multiple cultivars or maize lines. A cropping technique known as a multiple cropping system combines two or more crops in a single crop area. Through this technique, crop production can use water, fertilizer, and light more efficiently [18]. The multiple-cropping system can also increase the stability of crop yields because it can form an optimal and suitable micro-climate for plant commodities [17].

Regarding breeding programs, the major selection criteria are high yield potential, stability, and adaptability [19,20]. Through multi-environment experiments, adaptable and stable hybrids with high potential for productivity were discovered. When evaluating genotypes in various environments, breeders must contend with genotype-by-environment interactions (GEIs) [21]. A comprehensive assessment of GEIs necessitates more complex statistical approaches than ordinary analysis of variance (ANOVA) [6]. Parametric and non-parametric stability [22], AMMI [23], and GGE biplot [24,25] have been widely used to assess the GEI’s effects. Therefore, it is crucial to measure GEIs to identify high-performing hybrids in the final selection cycle and predict their potential performance in various environments.

The selection of superior maize hybrids involves many statistical measurements. The selection of high-yielding varieties using a single stability measurement was considered inaccurate, so it is necessary to combine various stability measurements [14]. Various studies have reported the combined stability measurements, including those of black soybeans [26,27], durum wheat [28,29], sweet potatoes [30], stevia [31], and rice [32]. In combining stability measurements, biplot visualization is very important to use. Currently, two biplot models are used, namely AMMI and GGE biplots. These two models can help select genotypes with broad and specific adaptations by supporting superiority and stability indices [23,24]. In addition, both of them can also identify the performance of genotypes and GEIs. This allows the identification of hybrids in several test environments based on their environmental conditions to be able to distinguish the genotypes being tested from the ideal environment [20,33]. In the GGE-biplot, the potential and stability of yields were evaluated using the average environment [34], which is determined by the average principal component scores for all environments [35,36]. GGE biplot allows the identification of superior hybrids evaluated in multiple environments, which is important for the development of maize plant breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to select maize hybrids within favorable traits such as grain yield and yield attributes; identify genotype and environmental interaction (GEIs) within maize yield; evaluate maize hybrids adaptability to four different locations in West Java; and identify a representative environment for testing and developing new maize hybrids. The results of this research can be used as a reference in selecting maize hybrids and representative environments in Indonesia.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials

The genetic material consisted of 22 maize hybrids developed via cross-breeding.

Table 1. Maize hybrids used in the study.

No	Code	Maize Hybrids	Pedigree
1	G1	DR 4 × MDR 7.2.3	Female is a downy mildew resistant (DMR) line; male is a mutant line derived from DMR line
2	G2	DR 4 × MDR 16.6.14	Female is a DMR line; male is a mutant line derived from a high protein line
3	G3	DR 5 × MDR 18.8.1	Female is a DMR line; male is a mutant line derived from a high protein line
4	G4	DR 6 × DR 7	Female and male are DMR lines
5	G5	DR 7 × DR 8	Female is a DMR line; male is a high protein line
6	G6	DR 8 × MDR 18.8.1	Female is a high protein line; male is a mutant line derived from a high protein line
7	G7	DR 8 × DR 9	Female is a high protein line; male is a DMR line
8	G8	DR 8 × MDR 1.1.3	Female is a high protein line; male is a shading tolerant mutant
9	G9	DR 10 × MDR 9.1.3	Female is a high protein line; male is a shading tolerant mutant
10	G10	DR 11 × DR 16	Female is a DMR line; male is a high protein line
11	G11	DR 14 × DR 18	Female is a DMR line; male is a high protein line
12	G12	DR 19 × DR 20	Both female and male are high protein lines
13	G13	MDR 3.1.4 × MDR 18.5.1	Both female and male are shading tolerant mutants
14	G14	MDR 3.1.2 × MDR 153.14.1	Both female and male are shading tolerant mutants
15	G15	MDR 7.4.3 × DR 18	Female is a shading tolerant mutant and male is a high protein line
16	G16	MDR 7.4.3 × MDR 18.8.1	Female is a shading tolerant mutant; male is a mutant line derived from a high protein line
17	G17	MDR 7.4.3 × MDR 1.1.3	Both female and male are shading tolerant mutants
18	G18	MDR 9.1.3 × MDR 1.1.3	Both female and male are shading tolerant mutants
19	G19	MDR 18.8.1 × MDR 7.1.9	Both female and male are shading tolerant mutants
20	G20	MDR 153.3.2 × MDR 8.5.3	Both female and male are shading tolerant mutants
21	G21	BR 154 × MDR 18.8.1	Female is a DMR line; male is a high protein mutant
22	G22	BR 154 × MDR 153.3.2	Female is a DMR line; male is shading tolerant mutant

provides details on the hybrid maize that was used.

2.2. Experimental Design

The experiments were conducted in four different locations, and the field conditions were intercropping with soybeans or sole cropping. The four locations are in West Java Province were Arjasari (multiple cropping = ARJ CS; sole cropping = ARJ M), Karawang (multiple cropping = KRW CS; sole cropping = KRW M), Cikandang (multiple cropping = CKD CS; sole cropping = CKD M), and Lembang (multiple cropping = LMB CS; sole cropping = LMB M).

Table 2. Information about test environment.

	Arjasari	Cikajang	Karawang	Cikande
Rainfall (mm)	169.8	297.38	252.5	237.28
Temperature (°C)	24.58	-	-	24.23
Humidity (%)	91.25	-	83.7	78.53

provides details regarding the test locations. Three times, the randomized block design was implemented. Five t·ha⁻¹ of chicken manure and 200 kg·ha⁻¹ each of the chemical fertilizers Phonska and 75 kg·ha⁻¹ of UREA were used in the fertilization process. Weeding and hoarding were conducted according to the plant’s needs for plant maintenance, such as controlling pests and diseases.

2.3. Data Collection

The observed traits included grain yield and yield components such as plant height (PH), ear diameter (ED), ear length (EL), row’s number (RN), ear weight (EW), ear weight without corn husk (EWoH), ear weight per plot (EWP), ear weight without corn husk per plot (EWoP), 1000 seed weight (OSW), seed weight (SW), seed weight per plot (SWP), ratio seed weight and ear weight without corn husk (RSEW), and grain yield per ha (Y). Data collection followed the descriptors for maize. At the time of harvest, data on grain yield per plot (Kg) were gathered and converted to t·ha⁻¹. Each hybrid’s grain yields were weighed whole using a digital scale. The sample weight (kg) obtained from a 5 × 3 m² plot of each maize hybrid.

2.4. Data Analysis

The relationship between each trait investigated and the best maize hybrids depending on each trait was determined using the GT biplot analysis. These equations were applied [37]:

$$\frac{T_{ij}-T_j}{sj}={\lambda }_1{\zeta }_{i1}{\tau }_{j1}+{\lambda }_2{\zeta }_{i2}{\tau }_{j2}+{\epsilon }_{ij}$$

(1)

where T_ij is the i-th maize hybrid average for j-th trait; T_j is the j-th trait average in all maize hybrid; sj is the j-th standard deviation trait among the maize hybrid averages; ζ_i1 and ζ_i2 were the apprising of the 1st and 2nd principal component (PC1 and PC2) scores for the i-th maize hybrid; τ_J1 and τ_J2 were the PC1 and PC2 scores for j-th trait, respectively; and the model error for the ith maize hybrid and j-th trait is denoted by the notation ε_ij.

For every maize hybrid, the GEIs were estimated. Following was the statistical model for the environments’ combined ANOVA:

Y_efgh = μ + G_e + E_f + GE_ef + R_g(f) + B_h(g) + ε_efgh

(2)

where Y_efgh is the value of maize hybrids e in plot h and the value of each replication g in environment f; μ is the grand mean; G_e represents the effect of maize hybrids e; E_f is the environment influence; GE_ef is the interaction effect between maize hybrids e and environment f; R_g(f) is the replicate g effect on environment f; B_h(g) is the repeat g influence on plot h; and ε_efgh is the maize hybrids e influence error in plot h and repeat g of environment f, respectively.

The parametric and non-parametric stability models used for identifying stable maize hybrids. Linear regressions follow [38]’s method. Based on this model, maize hybrids indicate stability if a regression slope (bi) of 1 and a variance deviation (S²di) of 0. The mean-variance component (θ_i) was estimated according to [39] with the formula:

$${\theta }_i=\frac{p}{2(p-1)(q-1)}\sum _{j-1}^q{(x_{ij}-{\overline{X}}_{i.}+{\overline{X}}_{.j})}^2+\frac{SSGE}{2(p-2)(q-1)}$$

(3)

The GE variance component (θ_(i)) was identified following [40] as:

$${\theta }_{\left(i\right)}=\frac{-p}{(p-1)(p-2)(q-1)}\sum _{j-1}^q{(x_{ij}-{\overline{X}}_{i.}-{\overline{X}}_{.j}+{\overline{X}}_{..})}^2+\frac{SSGE}{(p-2)(q-1)}$$

(4)

Wricke’s ecovalence (${\mathrm{W}}_i^2$) was investigated according to [41] as:

$${\mathrm{W}}_i^2=\sum {{(X}_{ij}-{\overline{X}}_{i.}-{\overline{X}}_{.j}+{\overline{X}}_{..})}^2$$

(5)

Shukla’s stability variance ${(\sigma }^{2}i)$ was observed based on [42] as:

$${\sigma }_i^2=\left|\frac{p}{(p-2)(q-1)}\right|{\mathrm{W}}_i^2-\frac{\sum W_i^2}{(p-1)(p-2)(q-1)}$$

(6)

The coefficient of variance (CV_i) was observed based on [43] as:

$${CV}_i=\frac{{SD}_g}{\overline{X}}\times 100$$

(7)

where x_ij = yield of maize hybrids i in environment j; ${\overline{X}}_{i.}$= maize hybrids i yield; ${\overline{X}}_{.j}$ = average yield of environment j; ${\overline{X}}_{..}$ = overall yield average; p and q = the maize hybrid and environment number, respectively; and SD_g = a maize hybrid’s standard deviation mean across environments.

The models of stability nonparametric (S⁽ⁱ⁾) were used following [44,45] with the formula:

$$S_i^{\left(1\right)}=2{\sum }_j^{n-1}\frac{{\sum }_{j^{\prime }=j+1}^n\left|r_{ij}-r_{ij}^{\prime }\right|}{\left[N(n-1)\right]}$$

(8)

$$S_i^{\left(2\right)}=\frac{{\sum }_{j=1}^n{(r_{ij}-{\overline{r}}_{i.})}^2}{(N-1)}$$

(9)

$$S_i^{\left(3\right)}=\frac{{\sum }_{j=1}^n{(r_{ij}-{\overline{r}}_{i.})}^2}{{\overline{r}}_i}$$

(10)

$$S_i^{\left(6\right)}=\frac{{\sum }_{j=1}^n\left|r_{ij}-{\overline{r}}_{i.}\right|}{{\overline{r}}_{i.}}$$

(11)

where r_ij = rank in environment j from maize hybrids i; ${\overline{r}}_{i.}$= mean rank across all environments for each maize hybrid; and N = the number of environments. Stability parameters (NP⁽ⁱ⁾) were identified according to [46] as:

$${NP}^{\left(1\right)}=\frac{{\sum }_{j=1}^n\left|r_{ij}^{*}-M_{di}^{*}\right|}{N}$$

(12)

$${NP}^{\left(2\right)}=\frac{\left[{\sum }_{j=1}^n\left|r_{ij}^{*}-M_{di}^{*}\right|/M_{di}\right]}{N}$$

(13)

$${NP}^{\left(3\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\sum {(r_{ij}^{*}-r_{i.}^{*})}^2}{N}}}{{\overline{r}}_{i.}}$$

(14)

$${NP}^{\left(6\right)}=\frac{2\times \left[{\sum }_{j=1}^{n-1}{\sum }_{j^{\prime }=j+1}^n\left|r_{ij}^{*}-r_{i.}^{*}\right|/{\overline{r}}_{i.}\right]}{N(N-1)}$$

(15)

where $r_{ij}^{*}$ = maize hybrids ‘i’ rank in environment ‘j’ based on adjusted data; $M_{di}^{*}$= adjusted median rank data; M_di = same variable determined from the unadjusted data; N = number of an environment. The non-parametric stability measured by Kang’s (KR) was assessed based on [47]. The yield performance and stability variance were assigned weightings of 1 in this procedure to find high-yielding and stable maize hybrids. The online program STABILITYSOFT was utilized to calculate the parametric and non-parametric statistics [48].

Visual estimation of yield stability and identification of the best environment were analyzed using GGE biplots. The GGE biplot model was calculated by following [25] with the formula:

$$Y_{ij}-\overline{Y_j}={\lambda }_1{\zeta }_{i1}{\eta }_{j1}+{\lambda }_2{\zeta }_{i2}{\eta }_{j2}+{\epsilon }_{ij}$$

(16)

where Y_ij is the maize hybrid I mean yield in environment j; $\overline{Y_j}$ is the overall maize hybrid average yield in environment j; ${\lambda }_1$ and ${\lambda }_2$ are the PC1 and PC2 singular values, respectively; ${\zeta }_{i1}$ and ${\zeta }_{i2}$ are the PC1 and PC2 scores, respectively, for maize hybrid i; ${\eta }_{j1}$ and ${\eta }_{j2}$ are the PC1 and PC2 scores, respectively, for environment j; ${\epsilon }_{ij}$ is the residual of the model associated with the maize hybrid i in environment j.

3. Results

3.1. Multi-Trait Selection and Relationships between Traits Tested against Maize Hybrid Populations Genotype by Traits (GT) Biplot

Based on yield and yield attributes data from four environments with two planting patterns (sole-crop and multiple-crop), Figure 1 displays the GT biplot for maize hybrid populations. In Figure 1, six sectors are created, and several sectors have different maize hybrids and traits tested. The relationship between traits and hybrids tested is very close if they are in the same sector. The G3 maize hybrid excels in sector 1 and correlates with EW, EWoH, EWP, PH, ED, and OSW traits. The G22 maize hybrid excels in sector 2, which correlates with EWoP, RSEW, Y, SW, and SWP. The biplot in Figure 1 represents 56.82% (PC1 = 33.29% and PC2 = 23.53%), which shows a strong influence on the resulting variation. In this study, G20 maize hybrids were identified that were opposite to all the traits measured. This shows that G20 is a poor maize hybrid for all the traits tested.

The GT biplot estimates the relationship between traits in the maize hybrid populations tested (Figure 2). A strong relationship was indicated by the acute angle produced by the traits tested (<90°). In contrast, traits with obtuse angles show a weak relationship. Figure 2 shows that EL has a very sharp angle with RN, so both have a positive and significant correlation. Other traits that form very sharp angles are EWoH with PH, EWP with OSW, and Y with SW and SWP. Figure 2 also shows an ideal point on a line marked with a small arrow, where the hybrids that approach this point are the most superior for the traits tested. According to Figure 2, the G3 hybrid is the most ideal of the others because it is closest to the “ideal center (small arrow)”, while the G20 is the least desirable hybrid because it is farthest from the “ideal center”.

Figure 3 shows the two main axes, namely the horizontal axis (which shows stability) and the vertical axis (which shows the average value), of the traits tested. Maize hybrids that follow the direction of the arrow are the expected hybrids. In addition, hybrids that approach the horizontal line show a level of consistency for all the traits evaluated. On the other hand, hybrids that move away from this line show inconsistency for all the traits evaluated. G16, G2, and G3 were identified as stable for all the traits evaluated and most favored. Meanwhile, G20 was identified as being below the vertical line and farthest from the arrow, so it had the worst score of all the traits evaluated.

3.2. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions (GEIs) on Maize Hybrid Yields

The effect of genotype, environment, and their interactions (GEIs) shows a very significant influence (p < 0.01) on the yield variation of the maize hybrids (

Table 3. Combined ANOVA of maize hybrids in four environments with sole-crop and multiple-crop patterns.

Source	df	SS	MS		%SS
Genotypes	21	61.40	2.92	**	2.24
Environments	7	2348.70	335.53	**	85.63
Block	16	24.70	1.54	**
Interactions	147	332.70	2.26	**	12.13
Total	527	2858.40	5.42
Error	336	90.80	0.27
Min (t·ha−1)	1.37
Max (t·ha−1)	11.11
Mean (t·ha−1)	5.27
SD	2.33
CV (%)	9.87

SD = standard deviation; CV = Coefficient of variation; df = degree freedom; SS = Sum of square; MS = mean of square; ** p < 0.01

). The strongest influence was from the environment, namely 85.63%, followed by GEIs with 12.13% (Table 3). The genotype effect has the least influence, namely 2.24%. These results can also be seen from the Heatmap GEIs (Figure 4), where environments are divided into two main groups. The clusters observed in the heatmap are obtained by calculating the Euclidean distance between the environment and the tested genotype. The first environmental group consisted of KRW CS, KRW M, CKD CS, ARJ CS, and LMB CS, while the second environmental group consisted of CKD M, ARJ M, and LMB M. The first group had average yields between 2.56 and 4.19 (t·ha⁻¹), while the second group ranged from 5.74 to 6.23 (t·ha⁻¹). The GEI response pattern illustrated in Figure 4 shows that the genotypes tested varied and spread colors. Indicates a positive interaction with the testing environment. The colors in this order indicate the magnitude of the simulated GEIs; the darker it is, the more positive the interaction will be. G22 shows the most intense color for the LMB M and LMB CS locations. This means that G22 has the highest score in both environments compared to the other genotypes.

3.3. Yield Stability Based on Combined Stability Measurements on Maize Hybrid Populations

Table 4. Stability analysis of maize hybrid yields using parametric and non-parametric measurements.

Hybrids	Y	S(1)	S(2)	S(3)	S(6)	NP(1)	NP(2)	NP(3)	NP(4)	Wi2	σi2	S²di	bi	CVi	θ(i)	θi	KR
G1	4.30	8.79	54.79	35.67	4.28	6.50	0.62	0.69	0.82	3.50	0.53	0.49	0.94	36.08	0.34	0.45	37
G2	4.54	3.93	11.43	7.62	2.00	2.25	0.22	0.27	0.37	0.36	0.04	0.05	0.98	32.33	0.37	0.21	10
G3	4.53	6.04	26.41	14.36	2.56	5.63	0.29	0.48	0.47	0.90	0.12	0.11	1.09	36.41	0.36	0.25	14
G4	4.75	9.50	65.93	36.20	4.55	7.25	0.59	0.63	0.75	3.82	0.58	0.51	1.12	37.90	0.34	0.47	23
G5	4.96	4.25	18.13	7.52	1.27	4.00	0.51	0.30	0.25	1.20	0.17	0.15	1.10	33.58	0.36	0.28	10
G6	4.47	5.25	19.27	13.32	2.67	3.38	0.32	0.41	0.52	0.34	0.04	0.05	0.99	32.94	0.37	0.21	13
G7	4.08	6.21	30.21	31.33	4.89	6.25	1.14	1.04	0.92	1.78	0.26	0.12	0.75	28.34	0.36	0.32	33
G8	4.38	4.82	16.27	10.98	2.60	4.25	0.33	0.48	0.46	0.94	0.13	0.12	0.92	31.89	0.36	0.26	24
G9	4.36	6.00	25.93	18.62	3.08	4.63	0.47	0.58	0.62	1.69	0.25	0.19	0.85	30.47	0.36	0.31	29
G10	4.42	3.29	8.79	7.03	2.11	2.63	0.23	0.40	0.38	0.32	0.03	0.05	1.01	33.95	0.37	0.21	14
G11	4.48	8.93	68.29	34.14	3.71	5.50	0.34	0.54	0.64	4.71	0.72	0.65	0.90	34.77	0.34	0.54	30
G12	4.39	5.36	21.64	14.09	2.93	4.63	0.47	0.50	0.50	0.94	0.13	0.13	1.00	34.75	0.36	0.26	24
G13	4.34	9.00	64.50	46.31	5.28	6.25	0.98	0.76	0.92	3.27	0.50	0.47	0.98	37.01	0.35	0.43	34
G14	4.47	4.86	19.07	12.42	2.33	3.38	0.33	0.40	0.45	0.49	0.06	0.07	1.04	34.69	0.37	0.22	16
G15	4.77	6.46	30.84	17.44	2.61	4.75	0.47	0.51	0.52	1.91	0.28	0.27	1.04	34.15	0.36	0.33	17
G16	4.79	9.79	77.14	37.24	3.79	7.25	0.50	0.56	0.67	6.48	1.00	0.74	1.29	43.72	0.32	0.67	24
G17	4.49	6.61	30.98	21.42	3.85	5.38	0.44	0.54	0.65	1.24	0.18	0.18	1.02	34.73	0.36	0.28	19
G18	4.42	9.86	72.29	37.48	3.93	6.63	0.45	0.60	0.73	6.52	1.01	0.93	0.95	38.56	0.32	0.67	36
G19	4.41	6.18	27.98	20.35	3.43	5.38	0.41	0.61	0.64	0.86	0.12	0.12	1.05	35.90	0.36	0.25	20
G20	3.90	6.00	27.36	28.37	4.74	6.00	1.41	1.01	0.89	3.41	0.52	0.47	0.91	38.78	0.35	0.44	38
G21	4.62	8.07	57.43	26.80	3.20	4.50	0.29	0.47	0.54	4.14	0.63	0.59	0.98	35.45	0.34	0.50	25
G22	4.89	8.00	57.14	25.00	3.00	4.38	0.37	0.35	0.50	3.11	0.47	0.42	1.10	35.65	0.35	0.42	16

Hybrids code see Table 1.

shows the result of the assessment of yield stability in maize hybrids, which was evaluated based on parametric and non-parametric measurements. The average yields of maize hybrid were in the range of 3.90–4.96 t·ha⁻¹. G5 was identified as having the best performance (highest average yield). In contrast, the G20 shows the lowest performance. Measurements of KR, NP⁽¹⁾, NP⁽²⁾, and NP⁽³⁾, show that G2 is the most consistent-yielding (stable) hybrid. Measurements of S⁽⁶⁾, NP⁽⁴⁾, and KR identified G5 as the most consistent yield. CV_i measurement identified the G7 as the most consistent yield. Measurements of S⁽¹⁾, S⁽²⁾, S⁽³⁾, W_i², σ_i², S²di, and θ_i identified G10 as the most consistent hybrid for yield. The regression coefficient (bi) identifies G12 as a hybrid that has a value of bi = 1 and is declared the most stable. The θ_(i) measurements identified G18 as the most stable hybrid. The G2 hybrid has the smallest average rank (AR) value and was declared the most consistent yield by all stability measurements, followed by G10, G6, and G5 (

Table 5. Yield stability rank of maize hybrid using parametric and non-parametric measurements.

Genotype	Y	S(1)	S(2)	S(3)	S(6)	NP(1)	NP(2)	NP(3)	NP(4)	Wi2	σi2	S²di	bi	CVi	θ(i)	θi	KR	SR	AR	SD
G1	20	17	15	18	18	19	19	19	19	17	17	17	12	16	17	6	21	287	16.88	3.38
G2	7	2	2	3	2	1	1	1	2	3	3	3	6	4	3	20	1	64	3.76	4.37
G3	8	10	9	8	5	15	4	9	6	6	6	5	15	17	6	17	4	150	8.82	4.34
G4	5	20	19	19	19	21	18	18	18	18	18	18	19	19	18	5	11	283	16.65	4.69
G5	1	3	4	2	1	5	17	2	1	9	9	10	17	6	9	14	1	111	6.53	5.37
G6	11	6	6	6	8	3	5	6	9	2	2	2	3	5	2	21	3	100	5.88	4.57
G7	21	12	12	16	21	17	21	22	21	12	12	6	21	1	12	11	18	256	15.06	5.85
G8	17	4	3	4	6	6	7	8	5	7	7	8	13	3	7	16	12	133	7.82	4.12
G9	18	8	8	10	11	9	15	15	12	11	11	12	20	2	11	12	16	201	11.82	4.08
G10	13	1	1	1	3	2	2	5	3	1	1	1	2	7	1	22	4	70	4.12	5.38
G11	10	18	20	17	14	14	8	12	13	20	20	20	18	12	20	3	17	256	15.06	4.81
G12	16	7	7	7	9	9	13	10	7	8	8	9	1	11	8	15	12	157	9.24	3.40
G13	19	19	18	22	22	17	20	20	22	15	15	15	4	18	15	8	19	288	16.94	4.68
G14	12	5	5	5	4	3	6	4	4	4	4	4	8	9	4	19	6	106	6.24	3.89
G15	4	13	13	9	7	11	14	11	10	13	13	13	9	8	13	10	8	179	10.53	2.68
G16	3	21	22	20	15	21	16	14	16	21	21	21	22	22	21	2	12	290	17.06	6.14
G17	9	14	14	12	16	12	11	13	15	10	10	11	5	10	10	13	9	194	11.41	2.59
G18	14	22	21	21	17	20	12	16	17	22	22	22	11	20	22	1	20	300	17.65	5.44
G19	15	11	11	11	13	12	10	17	14	5	5	7	10	15	5	18	10	189	11.12	3.89
G20	22	8	10	15	20	16	22	21	20	16	16	16	14	21	16	7	22	282	16.59	4.67
G21	6	16	17	14	12	8	3	7	11	19	19	19	7	13	19	4	15	209	12.29	5.41
G22	2	15	16	13	10	7	9	3	8	14	14	14	16	14	14	9	6	184	10.82	4.33

Hybrid code; see Table 1. SR = sum of ranks; AR = average rank; SD = standard of deviation.

). On the other hand, G18 is the hybrid that has the highest AR value and is declared the most inconsistent hybrid in all test environments, followed by G16, G13, and G1.

The grouping of maize hybrids based on stability rank was estimated using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis/HCA (dendrogram). The dendrogram classifies maize hybrids into several groups, namely the stable high yield group consisting of G2 and G5; stable low yield group consisting of G6, G8, G10, G12, and G14; unstable high yield group consisting of G22, G17, G15, G19, G3, G4, and G16; and the unstable low yield group consisting of G1, G13, G20, G9, G7, G21, G11, and G18 (Figure 5). This grouping is based on the stability ranks of all measurements. The stable high yield group is the most expected because it can adapt to various environments with good performance. The unstable high yield group can be used as an environment-specific maize hybrid because it can be adapted to a supportive/ specific environment. The unstable low yield group is the worst because it has low yields and is not adaptable to environmental changes.

3.4. Yield Stability Based on GGE Biplot on Maize Hybrid Populations

The GGE biplot analysis of maize hybrids for sole-crop, multiple-crop, and combined environments is presented in Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8, respectively. In the sole-crop pattern (Figure 6), the GGE biplot shows a contribution of 82.50% (PC1 = 46.80%; PC2 = 35.70%) of the total variation. The ‘which won where’ pattern shows seven sectors for four environments with different peak hybrids. In the first sector, a mega-environment of KRW M and LMB M was formed, with the peak hybrid being G18; in the second sector, G20 is the peak hybrid; in the third sector, the peak hybrid is G11; The fourth sector contains the CKD M environment, which consists of G10, G12, and G19 hybrids. There are no peak hybrids in this sector; the fifth sector has no environments or hybrids in it; the sixth sector has G16 as a peak hybrid; the seventh sector has no environments or hybrids in it.

For multiple-crop pattern environments, the GGE biplot shows a contribution of 81.60%, which was produced from PC1 = 46.40% and PC2 = 35.20% (Figure 7). The GGE biplot revealed six sectors, where the first sector consisted of G6 hybrids that tended to be closer to the axis center (0.00). The second sector consists of the KRW CS environment, with G21 as the peak hybrid, followed by G22 and G18. The third sector consists of LMB CS, with G20 hybrid as the peak hybrid. The fourth sector has no environment but has peak hybrids of G11 and G13. The fifth sector consists of the CKD CS environment, including G10, G12, and G19 hybrids within, but no peak hybrids. The sixth sector consists of the ARJ CS environment, with G16 as the peak sector, followed by G4.

For combined data on the multiple-crop and sole-crop environments, the GGE biplot of the eight environments revealed that PC1 and PC2 contributed 82.20% of the total variation in maize hybrid yields (Figure 8). Eight sectors were generated from all evaluated environments, with different vertex hybrids in each sector. The top hybrids in the environmental sector were the G16, G4, G18, and G20. In Figure 8, three mega-environments are formed. The first mega-environment consists of KRW M, LMB M, and KRW CS, with the G18 as a peak hybrid. The second mega-environment consists of ARJ M and ARJ CS, with the G16 and G4 as the peak hybrids. The G20 as a hybrid in a sector containing a LMB CS environment. The third mega-environment consists of CKD M and CKD CS, consists of G10, G12, and G19, but does not have peak hybrids. G11 and G13 were the peak hybrids in the no-environment sector, which indicates that they had low yields in all evaluated environments.

In this study, the selection was directed at stable high yield and unstable high yield maize hybrids. The selected hybrids based on a combination of stability measurements and GGE biplots are presented in

Table 6. Maize hybrids were selected based on all stability measurements.

Stability Measurements	Stable High Yield	Unstable High Yield
Combined stability	G2, G5	G22, G17, G15, G19, G3, G16, G4
GGE biplot	G2, G3, G10, G12, G14	G4, G16, G18, G20
Slice	G2	G4, G16

Hybrid code; see Table 1.

. Table 6 shows that combined stability identifies two stable high-yield hybrids as well as seven unstable high-yield hybrids. The GGE biplot identified five stable high-yield hybrids and four unstable high-yield hybrids. The slice of all measurements shows that G2 is a stable high-yield hybrid, followed by G4 and G16, which are unstable high-yield hybrids.

3.5. Yield Stability Based on GGE Biplot on Maize Hybrid Populations

The ‘representative vs. discriminative’ pattern on the GGE biplot shows that ARJ M has strong discriminative and representative properties because it has an obtuse angle for the abscissa and a long vector (Figure 9). In addition, ARJ M also has high representation, so this environment is very suitable for selecting superior maize hybrids. The CKD M environment is the most suitable for selecting adaptive (specific-adapt) hybrids because it has a long environmental vector and a large angle to the abscissa. Meanwhile, LMB CS and KRW CS were the worst environments because they had short vectors and provided little information about the maize hybrids being evaluated, so they were not suitable for use as testing environments.

4. Discussion

One of the functions of the GT biplot method is to evaluate maize hybrids that are superior in specific traits. Apart from that, GT biplot can also be used to identify relationships between traits evaluated [49]. This method cannot ascertain how the combined value under various environmental conditions will affect other traits; it can only estimate the relationships between each hybrid and trait tested [50,51]. GT biplot analysis on the maize hybrids tested showed quite strong results because they represented 56.82% of the total variation (Figure 1). Several researchers also reported GT biplot measurements above 50.00%, such as wheat [50] and stevia [49]. This shows that the GT biplot results on the traits tested in maize hybrids in West Java are quite good.

In the population tested, the G3 hybrid has a high value (superior) in sector 1 and correlates with the EW, EWoH, EWP, PH, ED, and OSW traits (Figure 1). The G22 excels in sector 2 and correlates with EWoP, RSEW, Y, SW, and SWP compared to other hybrids in the sector. The maize hybrids that top the sector are superior in the sector and have a close relationship to the traits within them [49,51,52]. Currently, plant breeding programs are not only focused on high yields. Early maturity, disease resistance, and stability in various environments [19,53,54,55], as well as good quality and other agronomic traits [49,50], are the ultimate goals of breeding superior varieties. The GT biplot shows that the yields are significantly and positively correlated with SWP and SW because they are positioned very close together and have very sharp angles (Figure 2). These traits show a fairly strong relationship [51]. Other traits that are interconnected (positively correlated) are EL with RN, EWoH with PH, and EWP with OSW (Figure 2). The relationship between each trait can be used to indirectly select the expected traits. In addition, in Figure 3, the maize hybrids tested are divided by mean value (vertical line) and trait stability (horizontal line). Hybrids that approach the small arrow, are close to the line of stability (horizontal), and have values higher than the average are the expected hybrids (superior) [50]. In this study, G16, G2, and G3 were identified as being close to the small arrow (ideal point) (Figure 3), so they have the highest value of all traits evaluated.

Quantitative traits of crops are significantly influenced by environmental factors, so they are difficult to predict [21,56]. In addition, testing maize hybrids in different agro-ecological conditions is needed to select the representative environment for each hybrid. So, it is necessary to test hybrids in different agro-ecologies and seasons to indicate their adaptability. This study only carried out GEIs and stability tests on crop yields because yield is one of the main characteristics that determine whether a variety is superior.

Significant variation was presented in the combined ANOVA for maize hybrid yields (p < 0.01). The environment has the most significant influence on yield variation, namely 85.63%, followed by GEIs at 12.13% and genotype at 2.24% (Table 3). The emergence of GEIs in multi-environmental testing indicates that there are stable and unstable (adaptive to specific environments) maize hybrids. Similar findings regarding the importance of GEIs have been widely reported, such as in maize [20,33], sweet potatoes [30], rice [57,58], and soybeans [27,59]. The strong environmental influence on the yield variation indicates that external factors (the cropping system and environment) have a more significant influence than genetics. This is because yield is a quantitative trait, and many genes strongly influence that. Statistically, these results indicate that the stability order of the maize hybrids tested was not consistent in all environments. According to several researchers, environmental factors strongly influence crop yields [33,60,61]. The heatmap GEIs (Figure 4) also show the groupings and interaction patterns between the environments and the maize hybrids tested. The heatmap divided environments into two main groups. The first environmental cluster consists of KRW CS, KRW M, CKD CS, ARJ CS, and LMB CS, while the second environmental cluster consists of CKD M, ARJ M, and LMB M. The first cluster is an environmental group with a low average yield (2.56–4.19 t·ha⁻¹), while the second cluster is an environmental group with an average high yield (5.74–6.23 t·ha⁻¹). The GEI response pattern, illustrated in Figure 4, shows that the hybrids tested have varied and dispersed colors. This indicates an interaction with the environment tested. The difference in resulting color indicates the magnitude of the simulated GEIs; the darker the color, the more positive the interaction [62,63]. In this study, G22 showed a darker color at the LMB M and CS locations. This means that G22 has the highest score in both environments compared to the other hybrids. To illustrate the distribution of maize hybrids among GEIs, a stability analysis was performed using various stability measures.

The results of stability measures of maize hybrid yields under various environmental conditions using parametric and non-parametric methods are presented in Table 4. The average yield of maize hybrids is in the range of 3.90–4.96 t·ha⁻¹. The measurement results showed that KR, NP⁽¹⁾, NP⁽²⁾, and NP⁽³⁾ indicated that G2 was the most consistent (stable) hybrid. Measurements of KR, S⁽⁶⁾, and NP⁽⁴⁾ identified G5 as the most consistent (stable). The CV_i measurement identified the G7 hybrid as the most consistent (stable). Measurements of S⁽¹⁾, S⁽²⁾, S⁽³⁾, W_i², σ_i², S²di, and θ_i identified G10 as the most consistent (stable) hybrid. The regression coefficient (bi) identifies G12 as a hybrid with a value of bi = 1 and is declared the most stable. The θ_(i) measurements identified G18 as the most stable hybrid (Table 5). The measurement results show that G2 has the smallest AR value and is declared the most consistent by all stability measurements [30,61], followed by G10, G6, and G5. In contrast, G18 was the hybrid that had the highest AR value and was declared the most inconsistent hybrid in all environments, followed by G16, G13, and G1.

To classify the maize hybrids tested, we used a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis/HCA (dendrogram) based on the stability rank of each measurement (Figure 5). This has also been reported in several previous studies, such as maize [33], barley [61], and butterfly pea [64]. The dendrogram classifies maize hybrids into several groups, namely unstable low yield, unstable high yield, stable low yield, and stable high yield. This grouping is based on the stability rank of all measurements. The stable high-yield group is the most expected because it can adapt to various environments with the best performance [20]. The unstable high-yield group can be used as an environment-specific genotype because it can adapt to a supportive environment [30]. The unstable low-yield group is the worst because it has low yields and needs to be adaptable to environmental changes.

GGE biplot analysis of maize hybrids was carried out in sole-crop, multiple-crop, and mixed environments. The visualization of the GGE biplot is presented in Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. Hybrids closer to the axis points were identified as having stable yields [35]. These hybrids had small GEIs [6,10]. Almost all hybrids that are at the top of the sole-crop sector (Figure 6) show the same position in the multiple-crop portion (Figure 7) and also a combination of both patterns (Figure 8). This is because the hybrids tested were the result of selection that had fairly consistent yields at the previous stage. The hybrids at the top of the sector had the highest yields in the environments within that sector [65]. In addition, Figure 8 also generates three mega-environments. The hybrids at the top of the mega-environment sector are the best hybrids. The hybrids at the top of the mega-environment sector are the best hybrids. On the other hand, hybrids at the top of the sector, which have no environment, are the worst. G11 and G13 were the peak hybrids in the no-environment sector, indicating that their yield performance was poor in all environments in this study [33,35,60]. Thus, the hybrids identified at the top of the sector containing the environment are environment-specific hybrids. This study’s selection is directed at stable high-yield and unstable high-yield hybrids. The measurement results show that combined stability identifies two stable high-yield hybrids and seven unstable high-yield hybrids. The GGE biplot identified five stable high-yield hybrids and four unstable high-yield hybrids. The slice of all measurements shows that G2 is a stable high-yield hybrid, and G4 and G16 are unstable high-yield hybrids (Table 6).

The visualization of the GGE biplot pattern of ‘representative vs. discriminative’, presented in Figure 9, shows that ARJ M was identified as the most representative environment. A representative environment was indicated by a long vector and the resulting angle to the abscissa [10]. In addition, ARJ M also has high representation, so this environment is very suitable for selecting superior maize hybrids. The CKD M has a large angle to the abscissa and a long vector, making it suitable for selecting adaptive hybrids [20]. LMB CS and KRW CS are the worst environments because they have short vectors. These conditions indicate that they are not suitable for use as test environments, as they provide biased information about the hybrids being evaluated [35,66,67]. The results shown by this pattern indicate that multiple-cropping selection should be carried out in different seasons and agro-ecologies. Thus, to obtain an ideal intercropping pattern, it is necessary to consider the environment and planting season.

5. Conclusions

This study reveals that the resulting maize hybrid can be useful as a substitute for currently used commercial hybrids. The genotype by traits (GT) biplot showed that the G3 maize hybrid was superior to EW, EWoH, EWP, PH, ED, and OSW traits. The G22 maize hybrid was superior to EWoP, RSEW, Y, SW, and SWP properties. A combined ANOVA showed that genotype (G), environment (E), and their interactions (GEIs) had a significant effect on yield (p < 0.01) with contributions of 2.24%, 85.63%, and 12.13%, respectively. The measurement results show that combined stability identifies two stable high-yield hybrids and seven unstable high-yield hybrids. The GGE biplot identified five stable high-yield hybrids and four unstable high-yield hybrids. The slice of all measurements shows that G2 is a stable high-yield hybrid, and G4 and G16 are unstable high-yield hybrids. Arjasari sole-cropping (ARJ M) was identified as the most suitable environment for selecting ideal maize hybrids. In contrast, Cikande sole-cropping (CKD M) was identified as the most suitable environment for selecting superior hybrids in specific environments. Stable high-yield hybrids can be recommended as new varieties with wide adaptation, while unstable high-yield hybrids can be recommended as varieties adapted to specific environments. The introgression of new germplasm into commercial hybrids is, for sure, an excellent opportunity for Indonesian maize production.