The Use of Biodegradable Film in the Cultivation of Soybean with a Short Growing Season as an Example of Agro-Innovation in a Sustainable Agriculture System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Experimental Design
2.2. Biometric Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weather Conditions
3.2. Biometric Traits
3.3. Seed Yield and 1000-Seed Weight
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | Mean/Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean temperature | |||||||
2019 | 10.6 | 12.1 | 22.4 | 19.6 | 20.9 | 14.5 | 16.7 |
2020 | 9.44 | 11.4 | 17.7 | 18.9 | 20.3 | 14.9 | 15.4 |
2021 | 6.00 | 11.9 | 18.9 | 20.4 | 17.1 | 14.4 | 14.8 |
1991–2021 long-term average | 9.6 | 14.4 | 17.8 | 19.7 | 19.5 | 14.9 | 15.9 |
Precipitation total (mm) | |||||||
2019 | 38.2 | 94.0 | 10.6 | 23.0 | 5.00 | 1.80 | 172.6 |
2020 | 4.20 | 56.0 | 1.40 | 4.00 | 15.0 | 12.8 | 93.40 |
2021 | 27.6 | 92.0 | 79.0 | 83.2 | 185 | 29.4 | 496.8 |
1991–2021 long-term average | 57 | 82 | 87 | 107 | 77 | 77 | 487 |
Year | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 1.20 (md) | 2.58 (vw) | 0.16 (ed) | 0.39 (vd) | 0.08 (d) | 0.04 (ed) |
2020 | 0.15 (ed) | 1.64 (mw) | 0.03 (ed) | 0.07 (vd) | 0.25 (ed) | 0.29 (ed) |
2021 | 1.53 (o) | 2.59 (vw) | 1.39 (o) | 1.36 (o) | 3.61 (ew) | 0.68 (vd) |
Treatment | Plant Length (cm) | Height of 1st Pod Setting | Number of Pods per Plant | Number of Seeds per Plant | Mass of Seeds (g) | Mass of Pods (g) | 1000-Seed Weight | Seed Yield (t ha−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year (Y) | 2019 | 68.1c | 13.9a | 22.7b | 49.5c | 8.52b | 9.39b | 169.0a | 3.08b |
2020 | 94.1b | 6.77c | 41.1a | 82.7a | 11.8a | 18.9a | 152.0b | 3.14b | |
2021 | 114.1a | 11.3b | 39.8a | 75.8b | 12.1a | 17.5a | 162.6a | 3.63a | |
p < 0.05 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Sowing date (S) | 1 (early) | 87.3b | 11.7a | 30.9b | 59.9b | 9.63b | 14.4b | 159.7 | 2.81b |
2 (optimal) | 96.9a | 9.66b | 38.2a | 78.7a | 12.5a | 16.2a | 162.7 | 3.75a | |
p< 0.05 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | <0.0001 | |
Soil protection (P) | Film | 91.9 | 11.6a | 35.3 | 69.6 | 10.8 | 14.7 | 162.3 | 3.32 |
No film | 92.3 | 9.82b | 33.7 | 68.9 | 11.3 | 15.9 | 160.2 | 3.24 | |
p < 0.05 | ns | <0.0001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Cultivar (C) | Merlin | 88.3c | 10.9ab | 39.3a | 78.6a | 12.1a | 17.6a | 154.3b | 3.14b |
Coraline | 96.4a | 11.5a | 31.1b | 62.4b | 10.5b | 13.8b | 172.3a | 3.46a | |
Viola | 91.6b | 10.1b | 33.1b | 66.9b | 10.5b | 14.5b | 157.2b | 3.24ab | |
p < 0.05 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.01 | |
S × P | <0.0001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | <0.02 | ns | ns | |
S × C | ns | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | ns | |
P × C | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.01 | ns | |
S × Y | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
P × Y | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
C × Y | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.008 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
S × P × C | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
S × P × Y | ns | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | ns | <0.0001 | |
S × C × Y | ns | <0.0001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | <0.0001 | ns | |
P × C × Y | <0.0001 | ns | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | |
S × P × Y | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns |
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Sikora, A.; Klimek-Kopyra, A.; Kulig, B. The Use of Biodegradable Film in the Cultivation of Soybean with a Short Growing Season as an Example of Agro-Innovation in a Sustainable Agriculture System. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112697
Sikora A, Klimek-Kopyra A, Kulig B. The Use of Biodegradable Film in the Cultivation of Soybean with a Short Growing Season as an Example of Agro-Innovation in a Sustainable Agriculture System. Agronomy. 2023; 13(11):2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112697
Chicago/Turabian StyleSikora, Adrian, Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra, and Bogdan Kulig. 2023. "The Use of Biodegradable Film in the Cultivation of Soybean with a Short Growing Season as an Example of Agro-Innovation in a Sustainable Agriculture System" Agronomy 13, no. 11: 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112697