Sulfur Application Improves the Nutritional Quality of Maize by Regulating the Amino Acid Balance of Grains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Region Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Yield and Its Components
2.4. Measurement of Protein Concentration in Maize Grains
2.5. Analysis of Amino Acid in Maize Grains
2.6. Grain Endosperm Microstructure Measurements
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Grain Yield and Its Components
3.2. Concentration of Grain Protein
3.3. Concentrations of Amino Acids
3.4. Amino Acids Balance
3.5. Microstructure of Maize Grain Endosperm
3.6. Dietary Amino Acid Requirement Pattern
3.7. Cys in Amino Acid Balance
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of S Application on Maize Grain Yield and Protein Concentration
4.2. Effects of S Application on Amino Acid Balance of Maize Grains
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
Abbreviations
References
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Sites | Soil Type | Mechanical Composition | Chemical Properties | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | pH | Organic Matter | Total N | Olsen-P | NH4OAc-K | Ca(H2PO4)-S | ||
% | g kg−1 | mg kg−1 | ||||||||
Sankeshu | Clay soil | 32.5 | 25.2 | 42.3 | 6.63 | 23.2 | 1.64 | 38.37 | 191.29 | 13.24 |
Fujiajie | Sandy soil | 79.6 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 5.77 | 16.2 | 1.02 | 24.96 | 160.92 | 11.36 |
Treatment | GN (ear−1) | GW (g) | Yield (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Soil type | |||
Clay soil | 538 a | 30.9 a | 10,594 a |
Sandy soil | 439 b | 30.1 b | 7947 b |
Year | |||
2017 | 487 a | 30.1 a | 9169 a |
2018 | 488 a | 30.6 a | 9243 a |
2019 | 492 a | 30.7 a | 9399 a |
S rate | |||
S0 | 480 c | 28.8 d | 8193 d |
S30 | 486 bc | 29.9 c | 8886 c |
S60 | 491 ab | 30.9 ab | 9530 ab |
S90 | 495 a | 31.6 a | 10,050 a |
S120 | 491 ab | 31.1 ab | 9705 ab |
S150 | 489 ab | 30.5 bc | 9259 bc |
ANVOA | |||
Soil type | ** | ** | ** |
Year | ns | ns | ns |
S rate | ** | ** | ** |
Soil type × Year | ns | ns | ns |
Soil type × S rate | ns | ns | ns |
Year × S rate | ns | ns | ns |
Soil type × Year × S rate | ns | ns | ns |
Treatment | Asp | Glu | Ser | Gly | Arg | Ala | Pro | Met | His | Thr | Tyr | Val | Trp | Iso | Leu | Phe | Lys | Cys |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil type | ||||||||||||||||||
Clay soil | 5.1 a | 16.2 b | 3.6 a | 2.93 a | 4.3 a | 3.4 a | 11.4 a | 3.0 b | 2.4 a | 2.9 a | 2.9 a | 3.3 a | 1.2 b | 2.8 a | 9.9 a | 3.2 a | 2.2 a | 3.7 b |
Sandy soil | 5.4 a | 17.6 a | 3.8 a | 3.10 a | 4.6 a | 3.6 a | 12.1 a | 3.2 a | 2.5 a | 3.1 a | 3.0 a | 3.5 a | 1.3 a | 2.9 a | 10.5 a | 3.4 a | 2.4 a | 4.0 a |
S rate | ||||||||||||||||||
S0 | 4.4 b | 14.7 c | 3.0 c | 2.6 c | 3.3 d | 4.3 a | 14.6 a | 2.2 c | 1.5 c | 2.5 b | 1.9 d | 2.1 c | 0.8 c | 3.9 a | 7.5 b | 2.3 d | 1.7 c | 2.7 e |
S30 | 5.6 a | 17.5 ab | 3.1 bc | 3.1 abc | 4.0 cd | 4.1 a | 13.4 a | 2.5 c | 2.4 b | 3.2 a | 2.4 c | 3.1 b | 1.2 b | 3.2 b | 10.3 a | 3.3 bc | 2.1 b | 3.5 d |
S60 | 6.3 a | 17.9 ab | 3.8 ab | 3.5 a | 4.3 bc | 3.5 b | 11.6 b | 3.2 b | 3.0 a | 3.5 a | 2.9 bc | 3.9 a | 1.5 a | 2.8 bc | 11.4 a | 4.0 a | 2.6 a | 3.9 cb |
S90 | 5.7 a | 18.1 a | 3.9 a | 3.2 ab | 4.8 ab | 3.3 bc | 10.7 b | 3.4 b | 2.8 ab | 3.4 a | 3.3 ab | 3.8 a | 1.4 a | 2.6 c | 11.2 a | 3.9 ab | 2.6 a | 4.2 bc |
S120 | 4.7 b | 16.9 ab | 4.1 a | 3.0 abc | 5.0 ab | 3.1 bc | 10.0 b | 3.6 ab | 2.6 ab | 3.1 a | 3.5 a | 3.8 a | 1.3 ab | 2.5 c | 10.6 a | 3.3 bc | 2.5 a | 4.4 ab |
S150 | 4.6 b | 16.2 bc | 4.4 a | 2.8 bc | 5.4 a | 2.8 c | 10.1 b | 3.8 a | 2.6 ab | 2.4 b | 3.5 a | 3.8 a | 1.3 ab | 2.3 c | 10.3 a | 3.1 c | 2.3 ab | 4.7 a |
ANVOA | ||||||||||||||||||
Soil type | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | * |
S rate | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Soil type × S rate | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Treatment | EAA (mg g−1) | NAA (mg g−1) | TAA (mg g−1) | EAA/TAA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil type | ||||
Clay soil | 37.5 b | 46.8 b | 84.3 b | 44.3 a |
Sandy soil | 39.8 a | 50.2 a | 90.0 a | 44.1 a |
S rate | ||||
S0 | 28.8 c | 46.7 bc | 75.5 d | 38.1 c |
S30 | 37.0 b | 50.7 a | 87.7 bc | 42.2 b |
S60 | 42.6 a | 50.8 a | 93.4 a | 45.6 a |
S90 | 42.4 a | 49.5 ab | 92.0 ab | 46.2 a |
S120 | 41.0 a | 46.9 bc | 87.9 bc | 46.6 a |
S150 | 40.2 a | 46.2 c | 86.4 c | 46.6 a |
ANVOA | ||||
Soil type | ** | ** | ** | ns |
S rate | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Soil type × S rate | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Treatment | His | Iso | Leu | Lys | Met + Cys | Phe + Tyr | Thr | Trp | Val |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay soil | |||||||||
S0 | 18 | 51 | 85 | 20 | 50 | 56 | 27 | 10 | 25 |
S30 | 23 | 44 | 103 | 20 | 58 | 62 | 31 | 11 | 34 |
S60 | 26 | 36 | 102 | 23 | 63 | 65 | 31 | 13 | 40 |
S90 | 26 | 35 | 107 | 26 | 72 | 76 | 34 | 13 | 43 |
S120 | 26 | 35 | 103 | 24 | 78 | 60 | 31 | 13 | 42 |
S150 | 28 | 34 | 115 | 25 | 91 | 64 | 25 | 14 | 43 |
Sandy soil | |||||||||
S0 | 19 | 45 | 102 | 20 | 52 | 53 | 28 | 11 | 26 |
S30 | 25 | 41 | 107 | 22 | 65 | 60 | 33 | 13 | 33 |
S60 | 29 | 37 | 109 | 25 | 68 | 65 | 34 | 14 | 39 |
SS90 | 29 | 37 | 116 | 26 | 78 | 72 | 35 | 14 | 39 |
S120 | 28 | 36 | 116 | 28 | 88 | 73 | 33 | 15 | 41 |
S150 | 29 | 35 | 111 | 28 | 95 | 75 | 27 | 16 | 42 |
DAARP | 15 | 30 | 59 | 45 | 22 | 38 | 23 | 6 | 39 |
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Wang, H.; Cui, S.; Fu, J.; Gong, H.; Liu, S. Sulfur Application Improves the Nutritional Quality of Maize by Regulating the Amino Acid Balance of Grains. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2912. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122912
Wang H, Cui S, Fu J, Gong H, Liu S. Sulfur Application Improves the Nutritional Quality of Maize by Regulating the Amino Acid Balance of Grains. Agronomy. 2023; 13(12):2912. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122912
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Honglin, Shuai Cui, Jianan Fu, Huadong Gong, and Shuoran Liu. 2023. "Sulfur Application Improves the Nutritional Quality of Maize by Regulating the Amino Acid Balance of Grains" Agronomy 13, no. 12: 2912. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122912