The Efficacy of Micronutrient Fertilizers on the Yield Formulation and Quality of Wheat Grains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Significance of Micronutrient Fertilizers, Their Interactions, and Application Techniques in Wheat Cultivation
3. The Effect of Micronutrient Fertilizers on Growth and Yield Attributes in Wheat Production
3.1. Zinc (Zn)
3.2. Iron (Fe)
3.3. Boron (B)
3.4. Copper (Cu)
3.5. Molybdenum (Mo)
3.6. Manganese (Mn)
4. Future Challenges and Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Micronutrient | Form/Concentration | Application Method | Yield Quantity and Quality | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | salt (MnCl2·4H2O) | soil application | 9% yield increase | [32] | |
bulk (MnCl2·4H2O) | 13% yield increase | ||||
nano (Mn2O3) | 16% yield increase | ||||
nano (Mn2O3) | foliar application | 22% yield increase | |||
Mn | Mn (MnSO4): 0.1 and 0.01 M | seed treatment | 3.87 increase in Mg ha−1 | increase in the Mn concentration of the grains | [33] |
Mn (MnSO4): 250 and 500 mg Mn kg −1 | 3.57 increase in Mg ha−1 | ||||
a 0.75 M solution of Mn (MnSO4) | foliar application | 3.74 increase in Mg ha−1 | |||
Cu | NPK + Cu | foliar application | increased content of Cu and glutenins in the grain | [34] | |
Zn | Zn + NPK | ||||
Cu + Zn + Mn | NPK + (Cu + Zn + Mn) | increase in the contents of Cu, Zn, gliadins, and glutenins in the grain | |||
Mn | Mn + NPK | increase in the Fe content in gliadin fractions, as well as glutenins | |||
Mn | Mn at 1.5 kg ha−1 | foliar application | increase in the Zn and Fe contents in the grain | [35] | |
Zn + Fe | nutrient mixture (Zn+ Fe) | improved spike length, number of spikelets /spike, number of spike/m2, number of tillers/m2, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight | |||
Mo | Mo [(NH)6Mo7O24∙4H2O] + NH4+, NO3− and NH4NO3 | soil application | Mo increased N uptake efficiency in wheat | [36] | |
Mo | Mo 40 g ha −1 | seed treatment | wheat seed yield increased with increasing N levels in the top dressing | [37] | |
foliar application | |||||
each at 20 g ha −1 | seed + foliar application | ||||
Mo | Mo [(NH4)2MoO4] | soil application | increased the grain yield of winter wheat, the number of ears, and the weight per thousand grains | [38] | |
Zn | Zn (ZnSO4) | ||||
Mo + Zn | Mo [(NH4)2MoO4] + Zn (ZnSO4) | ||||
Zn | compost 10 t ha−1 + 10.0 kg Zn ha−1 | soil application | improved the plant height (8.08%), tillers/m2 (21.61%), spikes/m2 (22.33%), and spike length (40.50%), as well as an increased yield (18.37%) compared to control | [39] | |
(ZnSO4) (4%, 6%) | foliar application | 6% zinc application for improved plant growth, yield-related traits, and nutritional quality | [40] | ||
Zn-Se | 1.5 kg Zn ha−1 (ZnSO4) + 10 g Se ha−1 (Na2SeO4) + N (0, 105, 140, 180 kg N ha−1) | foliar application | foliar Zn-Se application had a substantial positive effect on the Zn and Se grain concentrations, while the grain Fe, P, and Cd concentrations decreased under foliar Zn-Se application | [41] | |
Zn + Fe, | Zn + Fe, Zn, Fe (Zn-EDTA and Fe-EDTA) | foliar application | combined foliar application of Zn and Fe increased the grain Zn and Fe, thus alleviating the adverse effects of water stress on all wheat ploidy levels, making biofortification cost-effective | [31] | |
B | B (50 ppm) in booting growth stage or in anthesis stage | foliar application | the mean values obtained for the boron application time were a potential contributor to the total grain mass by improving the plant height, spike length, number of spikelets, grain yield plant−1, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield ha−1. Foliar boron application in the booting stage (B1) under normal irrigation levels (I3 = 100% wheat water requirement) produced the highest recorded values for all the studied trades | [42] | |
B | B-coated urea and B coating + fertilizer urea nitrogen | seed treatment | the boron-coated urea (0.5% B) increased the leaf area index (30.2%), spike length (12.5%), number of spikes (10.9%), filled grains (15.7%), and grain weight (16.3%) per spike. Furthermore, the grain and straw yields of spring wheat increased by 11% and 10.6%, respectively, as compared to uncoated prilled urea. It also increased the N concentration and N uptake in both wheat grain and straw. The net returns (USD915.1 ha−1) and benefit:cost ratio (1.40) were also the highest with 0.5% boron-coated urea, being significantly higher than uncoated prilled urea | [43] | |
B | calcium sulfate (4 mM and 8 mM), potassium sulfate (2% and 4%), and borax (10 mg and 20 mg) | foliar application | the foliar spray of calcium, potassium, and boron enhanced the plant height, plant biomass, and the amount of chlorophyll synthesis, as well as thew yield, thus reducing the negative effects of drought | [44] | |
Zn + Fe | Zn (ZnSO4H 2O) and Fe (FeSO47H2O): 100% Zn, 80% Zn + 20% Fe, 60% Zn + 40% Fe, 40% Zn + 60% Fe, 20% Zn + 80% Fe, and 100% Fe. | foliar application | grain crude fat content remained unaffected. Crude fiber was enhanced up to three-fold by 60% Zn + 40% Fe5.5 (5.5 kg ha−1 of 60% Zn + 40% Fe). Moreover, 80% Zn + 20% Fe5.5 (5.5 kg ha−1 of 80% Zn + 20% Fe) was the best combination for increasing the crude protein. Zinc applied alone enhanced the Zn concentration in grain | [13] |
Micronutrient | Pathway | Enzymes | Symptom | Source | Deficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper (Cu) | Electron transport | Ascorbic acid oxidase, tyrosinase, monoamine oxidase, uricase, cytochrome oxidase, phenolate, laccase, and plastocyanin | Copper is immobile, which means that deficiency symptoms occur in the new leaves. Note that these manifest differently depending on the crop. Typically, symptoms start with a bulging and slight chlorosis of the leaf or appear between the veins of the new leaves. | Cu2+ |
|
Chlorine (Cl) | Photosynthetic reactions | Poor germination, chlorosis, and necrotic lesions. | Cl− |
| |
Manganese (Mn) | Respiration | Some dehydrogenases, decarboxylases, kinases, oxidases, and peroxidases | Reduced sugar and cellulose contents, increased drought sensitivity, reduced fertility. | Mn2+ |
|
Nickel (NI) | Catalyst in enzymes used to help legumes, fixes nitrogen. | Urease and hydrogenases | Impeded use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Nickel deficiency causes urea toxicity. | Ni2+ |
|
Molybdenum (Mo) | Nitrogen use | Nitrogenase, nitrogen reductase | The symptoms of molybdenum deficiency are similar to those of nitrogen (chlorosis) or sulfur deficiency. The main symptoms are reduced growth and pale green foliage. | HMoO4− MoO42− |
|
Boron (B) | Cell division, growth, and membrane function | Synthesis of uracil, cell wall structure | Problems related to cell wall formation, including reduced shoot and root growth, infertility. | BO3− or B4O72− |
|
Zinc (Zn) | Electron transport and auxin biosynthesis | Alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase | Like most micronutrients, zinc is immobile, which means that its deficiency symptoms (interveinal chlorosis and necrosis,) occur in new leaves. | Zn2+ |
|
Iron (Fe) | Plants absorb iron from the soil through ferric ions (Fe +++). It plays a vital role in cell division, respiration, and different steps involved in the electron transport system. It is an essential constituent of cytochrome and ferredoxin and acts as an activator of aconitase, catalase, peroxidase, and some Krebs cycle enzymes. It aids in chlorophyll synthesis but is not part of chlorophyll molecules. It is found as a fixed protein (phytoferritin) in leaves and the chromatin network of the nucleus. In metabolic reactions, it participates as Fe ++(Ferrous). | Young leaves show extensive chlorosis and may become white or yellow-white. The derailment of the reactions of photosynthesis, respiration, and protein synthesis occurs. Cell division activity is inhibited. Plant growth becomes slow. | Fe3+ (mostly) Fe2+ (mostly acidic soils) |
|
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Saquee, F.S.; Diakite, S.; Kavhiza, N.J.; Pakina, E.; Zargar, M. The Efficacy of Micronutrient Fertilizers on the Yield Formulation and Quality of Wheat Grains. Agronomy 2023, 13, 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020566
Saquee FS, Diakite S, Kavhiza NJ, Pakina E, Zargar M. The Efficacy of Micronutrient Fertilizers on the Yield Formulation and Quality of Wheat Grains. Agronomy. 2023; 13(2):566. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020566
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaquee, Francess Sia, Simbo Diakite, Nyasha John Kavhiza, Elena Pakina, and Meisam Zargar. 2023. "The Efficacy of Micronutrient Fertilizers on the Yield Formulation and Quality of Wheat Grains" Agronomy 13, no. 2: 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020566