Transcriptomics Combined with Photosynthetic Physiology and Leaf Structure Analysis Revealed Increased Sugarcane Yield by Fenlong-Ridging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Measurement Items and Methods
2.3.1. Agronomic Traits, Yield, and Quality
2.3.2. Soil Bulk Density, Porosity, Water Storage, and Available N, P, K
2.3.3. Chlorophyll Content and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Leaf
2.3.4. Photosynthesis-Related Enzyme Activity and Atomical Structure Characteristic of Leaf
2.4. Transcriptomic Analysis
2.4.1. Sample Preparation
2.4.2. RNA-Seq Data Analysis
2.4.3. Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) Identification and Gene Functional Annotation
2.4.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Agronomic Traits and Process Maturity Index of Sugarcane
3.2. Soil Properties
3.3. Chlorophyll Content and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Sugarcane Leaves
3.4. Photosynthesis-Related Enzyme Activity of Sugarcane Leaves
3.5. Anatomical Structure Characteristics of Sugarcane Leaves
3.6. Transcriptomic Analysis
3.6.1. Transcriptome Sequencing Quality
3.6.2. Analysis of DEGs and qRT-PCR
3.6.3. GO Functional Analysis of DEGs
3.6.4. KEGG Enrichment Analysis of DEGs
3.7. Expression of Genes Associated with Photosynthesis from Leaves
4. Discussion
4.1. Fenlong-Ridging Increases Sugarcane Yield and Quality through Strong Photosynthetic Capacity
4.2. Fenlong-Ridging Increases Sugarcane Yield and Quality on a Cytological Basis of Photosynthesis-Friendly Leaf Anatomical Structure
4.3. Fenlong-Ridging Increases Sugarcane Yield and Quality on a Molecular Biological Basis of Favorable Photosynthesis
5. Conclusions
- FL directly increased soil porosity, reduced soil bulk density, enhanced soil porosity and soil water storage, increased microbial diversity, and improved available nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the soil, which contributed to the absorption and transportation of water and fertilizer by roots. Furthermore, it favored a well-developed root system, thereby facilitating growth and above-ground development.
- Sugarcane leaf transcriptomics (photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna protein, and carotenoid biosynthesis) were differentially expressed; the expression of genes (PsaA, PsaE, PsaF, PsaG, PsaH, PsaK, PsaN, PsaO, PsbS, and PsbW) related to photosynthesis was up-regulated under FL compared with those under conventional tillage.
- Photosynthetic parameters (chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance) and photosynthetic enzymes (NADP-MDH, PEPC, and RuBPC) were enhanced, and the growth and development of sugarcane leaf tissue and cellular structure (vascular bundles and chloroplasts) were facilitated. Under FL, roots were enhanced by improved soil environment, photosynthesis-related genes were upregulated, which led to improved photosynthetic physiology and cell structure. Furthermore, agronomic traits (plant height, stem diameter, single stem weight, and effective stem number) were improved, indicating an adequate source, large sink, and smooth flow, which improved sugarcane yield and sugar content.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Properties | Value | Measurement Method |
---|---|---|
pH | 5.73 | Acid–alkali indicator method [22] |
Bulk density | 2.36 g·cm−3 | Core sampling method using ring knife [22] |
Organic matter | 34.60 g·kg−1 | Walkley and Black [22] |
Total nitrogen (N) | 1.49 g·kg−1 | Kjeldahl digestion |
Total phosphorus (P) | 0.30 g·kg−1 | Molybdenum antimony colorimetric method by 0.5 mol/L NaHCO3 extractable [22] |
Available nitrogen | 149.00 mg·kg−1 | Alkaline hydrolysable diffusion method [22] |
Available phosphorus | 8.49 mg·kg−1 | Olsen method by 0.5 mol/L NaHCO3 extractable [22] |
Available potassium (K) | 394.30 mg·kg−1 | Colorimetric method by 0.5 mol/L NH4OAc [22] |
Tillage Treatment | Tillage Equipment | Working Depth |
---|---|---|
Fenlong-ridging (FL) | Traditional plowshare | 20~25 cm |
Conventional tillage (CK) | Self-propelled smash riding machine * | 40~60 cm |
Plant Height | Stem Diameter | Single Stem Number | Effective Stem Number | Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stem diameter | 0.729 ** | ||||
Single stem number | 0.853 ** | 0.935 ** | |||
Effective stem number | 0.793 ** | 0.364 | 0.520 | ||
Yield | 0.892 ** | 0.537 | 0.686 * | 0.946 ** | |
Sugar content | 0.037 | 0.488 | 0.397 | −0.376 | −0.121 |
Crop Season | Tillage | Chlorophyll Content (SPAD) | Pn (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | Gs (mol H2O m−2 s−1) | Ci (μmol CO2 mol−1) | Tr (mmol H2O m−2 s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant cane | CK | 44.33 ± 0.40 b | 22.29 ± 1.50 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 149.76 ± 15.50 b | 4.52 ± 0.21 b |
FL | 46.72 ± 0.20 a | 30.56 ± 0.82 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 178.40 ± 6.16 a | 5.69 ± 0.10 a | |
First stubble | CK | 48.60 ± 0.40 b | 19.13 ± 0.40 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 199.20 ± 5.12 b | 4.30 ± 0.17 a |
FL | 51.50 ± 0.59 a | 21.07 ± 0.52 a | 0.25 ± 0.03 a | 233.36 ± 8.42 a | 4.80 ± 1.15 a |
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Zhu, S.; Xiao, J.; Han, S.; Li, X.; Li, Z.; Wei, B.; Zhang, D.; Wang, R.; Li, R.; Yang, L.; et al. Transcriptomics Combined with Photosynthetic Physiology and Leaf Structure Analysis Revealed Increased Sugarcane Yield by Fenlong-Ridging. Agronomy 2023, 13, 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051196
Zhu S, Xiao J, Han S, Li X, Li Z, Wei B, Zhang D, Wang R, Li R, Yang L, et al. Transcriptomics Combined with Photosynthetic Physiology and Leaf Structure Analysis Revealed Increased Sugarcane Yield by Fenlong-Ridging. Agronomy. 2023; 13(5):1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051196
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Shuifang, Jiming Xiao, Shijian Han, Xinzhu Li, Zhigang Li, Benhui Wei, Demei Zhang, Rui Wang, Ruiling Li, Lipei Yang, and et al. 2023. "Transcriptomics Combined with Photosynthetic Physiology and Leaf Structure Analysis Revealed Increased Sugarcane Yield by Fenlong-Ridging" Agronomy 13, no. 5: 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051196