Unveiling the Dynamics of Millet Spread into Xinjiang: New Evidence of the Timing, Pathways, and Cultural Background
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
Site | Context | Total Samples | Total Volume (L) | FM | BM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wumachang | Dw | 1 | 12 | (1): 5 Carbonized seeds | N/A |
Yanbulake | Dw mudbrick | 1 | 2 | (1): 1 Desiccated floret | (1): 1 Desiccated floret |
Kuola | Dw | 3 | 23 | N/A | (1): 1 Carbonized seed |
Wupu | T offering | 7 | N/A | (3): 6 Desiccated inflorescences | (2): 1 Caked mass of florets, 6 Desiccated panicles |
Kalaya | T mudbrick | 2 | 1.5 | N/A | (1): 31 Desiccated florets,135 Desiccated husk fragments, 11 Desiccated leaf fragments |
Kuiyukexiehai’er | Dw | 20 | 258 | (4): 14 Carbonized seeds | (14): 223 Carbonized seeds, 285 Desiccated floret fragments |
Aisikexiaernan | Dw | 3 | 2.5 | N/A | (2): 1 Desiccated floret, 8 Desiccated lemmas |
Lafuqueke | City | 3 | 11.5 | N/A | (3): 61 Desiccated florets, 223 Desiccated lemmas |
4. Discussion
4.1. Potential Routes of Entry to Xinjiang
4.2. Millet Expansion in Xinjiang
4.3. Earlier Broomcorn and Later Foxtail?
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | FM | BM | Type | Context | Lab No. | Dating Materials | Radiocarbon Dates | Calibrated Dates 2ϭ | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wumachang | x | C | Dw | Beta-628340 | FM and barley seeds | 2810 ± 30 | 1050–849 BC | This study | |
Yanbulake | x | x | D | Dw mudbrick | Beta-547359 | Barley rachis | 2780 ± 30 | 1007–835 BC | |
Kuola | x | C | Dw | Beta-497980 | Barley seeds | 2650 ± 30 | 897–781 BC | ||
Wupu | x | x | D | T offering | Beta-497983 | FM seeds | 2490 ± 30 | 775–486 BC | |
T offering | Beta-516613 | BM seeds | 2520 ± 30 | 789–544 BC | |||||
Kalaya | x | D | T mudbrick | Beta-547356 | BM florets | 2430 ± 30 | 750–404 BC | ||
Kuiyukexiehai’er | x | x | C | Dw | Beta-628344 | BM seeds | 2530 ± 30 | 794–544 BC | |
Dw | Beta-628345 | FM and BM seeds | 2490 ± 30 | 775–486 BC | |||||
x | D | Dw | Beta-628342 | BM florets | 2260 ± 30 | 395–206 BC | |||
Aisikexiaernan | x | D | Dw | BA110464 | Reed | 2435 ± 30 | 751–406 BC | This study; [43] | |
Lafuqueke | x | D | City | LZU21376 | Human bone | 1460 ± 20 | 574–645 AD | This study; [44] | |
Tongtiandong | x | C | Dw | Beta-527175 | BM seeds | 3700 ± 30 | 2199–1980 BC | [22] | |
Dw | Beta-527174 | BM seeds | 3270 ± 30 | 1616–1456 BC | |||||
Xiaohe | x | D | T offering | BA05793 | BM seeds | 3240 ± 40 | 1612–1428 BC | [45,46] | |
BA05795 | BM seeds | 3200 ± 40 | 1538–1400 BC | [39] | |||||
BA05796 | BM seeds | 3290 ± 40 | 1677–1452 BC | ||||||
BA05804 | BM seeds | 3545 ± 40 | 2016–1750 BC | ||||||
Xintala (Aisentuoleha) | ? | ? | ? | Dw | WB82-29 | Millet? | 3385 ± 100 | 1933–1451 BC | [47,48] |
Yanghai | x | D | T offering | UBA-21943 | BM seeds | 2446 ± 35 | 754–409 BC | [49] | |
Shengjindian | x | D | T offering | UBA-21941 | BM seeds | 2091 ± 29 | 194 BC–2 AD | [50] | |
UBA-21942 | BM seeds | 2004 ± 29 | 51 BC–113 AD | ||||||
Yingpan | D | T offering | UBA-21945 | BM seeds | 1844 ± 32 | 121–315 AD | [51] | ||
Miran | x | D | Dw | Beta-523852 | FM seeds | 1220 ± 30 | 685–890 AD | [52] | |
Beta-523853 | FM seeds | 1200 ± 30 | 705–950 AD | ||||||
Beta-523854 | FM seeds | 1210 ± 30 | 685–940 AD |
Variable 1 | Variable 2 | r | F-Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Earliest inferred date | Latitude | −0.2483 | 4.0066 | 0.0498 * |
Earliest inferred date | Longitude | 0.1216 | 0.9156 | 0.3424 |
Earliest inferred date | Altitude | −0.2498 | 4.0612 | 0.0483 * |
Latitude | Longitude | 0.4180 | 12.911 | 0.0007 ** |
Latitude | Altitude | −0.1844 | 2.1474 | 0.1480 |
Longitude | Altitude | −0.4698 | 17.277 | 0.0001 ** |
Earliest inferred date | Altitude × Longitude | 0.8426 | 0.3614 |
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Tian, D.; Li, J.; Wang, Y.; Dang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, C.; Xu, Y. Unveiling the Dynamics of Millet Spread into Xinjiang: New Evidence of the Timing, Pathways, and Cultural Background. Agronomy 2023, 13, 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071802
Tian D, Li J, Wang Y, Dang Z, Zhang X, Li C, Xu Y. Unveiling the Dynamics of Millet Spread into Xinjiang: New Evidence of the Timing, Pathways, and Cultural Background. Agronomy. 2023; 13(7):1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071802
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Duo, Jingbo Li, Yongqiang Wang, Zhihao Dang, Xiangpeng Zhang, Chunchang Li, and Youcheng Xu. 2023. "Unveiling the Dynamics of Millet Spread into Xinjiang: New Evidence of the Timing, Pathways, and Cultural Background" Agronomy 13, no. 7: 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071802