Figure 1.
Daily mean temperature, sunshine hours, and precipitation during the rice growing season in 2021 and 2022.
Figure 1.
Daily mean temperature, sunshine hours, and precipitation during the rice growing season in 2021 and 2022.
Figure 2.
Field distribution and experimental plot design schematic map.
Figure 2.
Field distribution and experimental plot design schematic map.
Figure 3.
Grain yield of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 3.
Grain yield of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 4.
Biomass accumulation of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 4.
Biomass accumulation of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 5.
Harvest index of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 5.
Harvest index of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 6.
Crop growth rate (A) and net assimilation rate (B) of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods during HD–MA in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 6.
Crop growth rate (A) and net assimilation rate (B) of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods during HD–MA in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 7.
Protein content (A) and amylose content (B) of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 7.
Protein content (A) and amylose content (B) of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods in 2021 and 2022. UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 represent unmanned aerial seeding with 105, 150, 195, and 240 basic seedlings/m2, respectively; UDDS, unmanned dry direct seeding; UCT, unmanned carpet-seedling transplanting. Different letters indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 probability level. Bars mean standard error (n = 3).
Figure 8.
Correlation of yield formation and quality characteristics. GY, grain yield; PN, panicle number; SP, spikelet number per panicle; TSP, total spikelet number; GFR, grain-filling rate; GW, 1000-grain weight; PPT, percentage of productive tillers; LAIHD, LAI at HD; LAIHE, highly effective LAI; LAIMA, LAI at MA; BAHDMA, biomass accumulation during HD to MA; CGR, crop growth rate; NAR, net assimilation rate; HMRR, head-milled rice rate; CD, chalkiness degree; PC, protein content; AC, amylose content; TV, taste value. * and ** mean significant correlation at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
Figure 8.
Correlation of yield formation and quality characteristics. GY, grain yield; PN, panicle number; SP, spikelet number per panicle; TSP, total spikelet number; GFR, grain-filling rate; GW, 1000-grain weight; PPT, percentage of productive tillers; LAIHD, LAI at HD; LAIHE, highly effective LAI; LAIMA, LAI at MA; BAHDMA, biomass accumulation during HD to MA; CGR, crop growth rate; NAR, net assimilation rate; HMRR, head-milled rice rate; CD, chalkiness degree; PC, protein content; AC, amylose content; TV, taste value. * and ** mean significant correlation at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
Table 1.
Growth stages of the rice cultivar with different unmanned planting methods.
Table 1.
Growth stages of the rice cultivar with different unmanned planting methods.
Year | Treatment 1) | Sowing | Trans-Planting | Jointing | Heading | Maturity | Total Growth Period (d) |
---|
2021 | UAS105 | 18 Jun. | -- | 13 Aug. | 7 Sem. | 29 Oct. | 132 |
| UAS150 | 18 Jun. | -- | 13 Aug. | 7 Sem. | 29 Oct. | 132 |
| UAS195 | 18 Jun. | -- | 13 Aug. | 7 Sem. | 29 Oct. | 132 |
| UAS240 | 18 Jun. | -- | 13 Aug. | 7 Sem. | 29 Oct. | 132 |
| UDDS | 18 Jun. | -- | 15 Aug. | 9 Sem. | 31 Oct. | 135 |
| UCT | 29 May | 18 Jun. | 7 Aug. | 6 Sem. | 30 Oct. | 154 |
2022 | UAS105 | 18 Jun. | -- | 14 Aug. | 9 Sem. | 31 Oct. | 135 |
| UAS150 | 18 Jun. | -- | 14 Aug. | 9 Sem. | 31 Oct. | 135 |
| UAS195 | 18 Jun. | -- | 14 Aug. | 9 Sem. | 31 Oct. | 135 |
| UAS240 | 18 Jun. | -- | 14 Aug. | 9 Sem. | 31 Oct. | 135 |
| UDDS | 18 Jun. | -- | 15 Aug. | 10 Sem. | 1 Nov. | 136 |
| UCT | 29 May | 18 Jun. | 1 Aug. | 30 Aug. | 23 Oct. | 147 |
Table 2.
Yield components of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned mechanical planting methods.
Table 2.
Yield components of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned mechanical planting methods.
Year | Treatment 1) | Panicle Number (×104 ha−1) | Spikelets per Panicle (No. per Panicle) | Total Spikelet Number (×106 ha−1) | Filled-Grain Percentage (%) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) |
---|
2021 | UAS105 | 294.01e | 103.18b | 303.34e | 95.09a | 30.69a |
| UAS150 | 379.08c | 94.99c | 360.10bc | 94.13b | 30.03bc |
| UAS195 | 407.86b | 91.73c | 374.12ab | 93.84bc | 29.99bc |
| UAS240 | 452.86a | 78.60e | 355.92cd | 93.22c | 29.83c |
| UDDS | 390.96c | 87.55d | 342.30d | 95.02a | 30.25b |
| UCT | 353.46d | 108.96a | 385.11a | 94.31ab | 29.78c |
2022 | UAS105 | 266.50d | 126.16a | 336.13d | 92.13c | 29.65a |
| UAS150 | 306.80c | 112.81b | 346.09cd | 92.09c | 29.57ab |
| UAS195 | 335.70b | 109.73b | 367.97ab | 91.91c | 29.57ab |
| UAS240 | 358.19a | 99.19d | 355.11bc | 91.53c | 29.37bc |
| UDDS | 331.48b | 103.93c | 344.41cd | 95.34a | 29.73a |
| UCT | 295.90c | 127.71a | 377.47a | 93.96b | 29.18c |
Analysis of variance |
Year | ** | ** | NS | ** | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | ** | NS | ** | ** | * |
Table 3.
Number of tillers and percentage of productive tillers of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Table 3.
Number of tillers and percentage of productive tillers of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Year | Treatment 1) | Number of Tillers | Percentage of Productive Tillers (%) |
---|
Peak Stage (×104 ha−1) | Jointing Stage (×104 ha−1) | Heading Stage (×104 ha−1) | Maturity Stage (×104 ha−1) |
---|
2021 | UAS105 | 424.37e | 367.11e | 301.30d | 294.01e | 69.29b |
| UAS150 | 554.30c | 473.32c | 390.56bc | 379.08c | 68.38b |
| UAS195 | 602.81b | 508.60b | 421.82b | 407.86b | 67.66b |
| UAS240 | 684.65a | 570.84a | 475.94a | 452.86a | 66.14bc |
| UDDS | 608.82b | 531.87b | 416.47b | 390.96c | 64.22c |
| UCT | 476.98d | 436.17d | 381.21c | 353.46d | 74.09a |
2022 | UAS105 | 414.40d | 384.25d | 291.35d | 266.50d | 64.31b |
| UAS150 | 482.30c | 444.00c | 336.15bc | 306.80c | 63.61b |
| UAS195 | 536.40b | 492.50b | 368.30ab | 335.70b | 62.58b |
| UAS240 | 583.55a | 523.20a | 399.35a | 358.19a | 61.37b |
| UDDS | 537.90b | 502.60ab | 356.85b | 331.48b | 61.62b |
| UCT | 400.90d | 386.80d | 311.15cd | 295.90c | 73.85a |
Analysis of variance |
Year | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | ** | ** | NS | ** | NS |
Table 4.
Leaf area index (LAI) of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Table 4.
Leaf area index (LAI) of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Year | Treatment 1) | Jointing Stage | Heading Stage | Maturity Stage | Decreasing Rate of Leaf Area (LAI d−1) |
---|
Effective LAI | Highly Effective Leaf Area |
---|
LAI | Percentage (%) |
---|
2021 | UAS105 | 3.81e | 6.60d | 3.32d | 50.33a | 3.19d | 0.0655d |
| UAS150 | 4.44b | 6.90b | 3.45ab | 50.08ab | 3.32b | 0.0688bc |
| UAS195 | 4.59a | 6.99a | 3.47a | 49.64cd | 3.36a | 0.0697ab |
| UAS240 | 4.60a | 6.90b | 3.42b | 49.59d | 3.25c | 0.0702a |
| UDDS | 4.32c | 6.88b | 3.40b | 49.91bc | 3.34ab | 0.0681c |
| UCT | 4.15d | 6.70c | 3.37c | 50.23ab | 3.27c | 0.0634e |
2022 | UAS105 | 3.82e | 7.07d | 3.50c | 49.58a | 3.28c | 0.0729b |
| UAS150 | 4.16c | 7.17bc | 3.54ab | 49.44ab | 3.34b | 0.0735ab |
| UAS195 | 4.33a | 7.25a | 3.57a | 49.16cd | 3.40a | 0.0742a |
| UAS240 | 4.34a | 7.19b | 3.52bc | 49.00d | 3.32b | 0.0745a |
| UDDS | 4.26b | 7.18b | 3.54ab | 49.28bc | 3.37a | 0.0732ab |
| UCT | 3.95d | 7.12c | 3.52bc | 49.41ab | 3.29c | 0.0710c |
Analysis of variance |
Year | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** |
Table 5.
Processing and appearance quality of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Table 5.
Processing and appearance quality of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Year | Treatment 1) | Brown Rice Rate (%) | Milled Rice Rate (%) | Head Milled Rice Rate (%) | Chalkiness Rate (%) | Chalkiness Size (%) | Chalkiness Degree (%) |
---|
2021 | UAS105 | 82.11b | 69.66bc | 65.37c | 14.19d | 14.28d | 3.84c |
| UAS150 | 81.84bc | 69.28bcd | 64.96cd | 20.82c | 21.17c | 6.93b |
| UAS195 | 81.46cd | 68.54cd | 64.17d | 27.07a | 27.24a | 8.85a |
| UAS240 | 81.02d | 68.25d | 64.01d | 27.47a | 27.97a | 9.37a |
| UDDS | 82.41ab | 70.15b | 66.88b | 24.77b | 24.97b | 7.57b |
| UCT | 82.85a | 71.32a | 68.32a | 15.16d | 15.24d | 4.45c |
2022 | UAS105 | 81.93bc | 69.03b | 61.53bc | 19.83d | 16.81d | 4.46e |
| UAS150 | 81.77c | 68.82b | 61.04bc | 21.45c | 21.25c | 6.85cd |
| UAS195 | 81.68c | 68.69b | 60.48c | 24.29b | 24.18b | 8.08b |
| UAS240 | 81.65c | 68.54b | 59.22d | 29.24a | 29.00a | 9.89a |
| UDDS | 82.41ab | 69.61b | 62.02b | 23.91b | 23.57b | 7.36bc |
| UCT | 82.86a | 70.79a | 65.80a | 17.76d | 17.18d | 6.10d |
Analysis of variance |
Year | NS | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | NS | NS | NS | ** | ** | * |
Table 6.
Nutrition, cooking, and eating quality of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Table 6.
Nutrition, cooking, and eating quality of NJ5718 with different UAS basic seedlings and different unmanned planting methods.
Year | Treatment 1) | Taste Value | Appearance | Hardness | Viscosity | Degree of Balance |
---|
2021 | UAS105 | 71.67a | 6.73a | 6.53c | 7.27a | 6.93a |
| UAS150 | 69.33bc | 6.40bc | 6.67bc | 6.83bc | 6.50b |
| UAS195 | 68.33cd | 6.27cd | 6.73abc | 6.63c | 6.30bc |
| UAS240 | 67.33d | 6.10d | 6.80ab | 6.60c | 6.17c |
| UDDS | 70.67ab | 6.63ab | 6.53c | 7.00b | 6.73a |
| UCT | 65.33e | 5.80e | 6.93a | 6.27d | 5.93d |
2022 | UAS105 | 74.00a | 7.20a | 6.23d | 7.43a | 7.27a |
| UAS150 | 71.67bc | 6.73b | 6.53bc | 7.27ab | 6.93b |
| UAS195 | 70.33cd | 6.53bc | 6.63b | 7.03bc | 6.67c |
| UAS240 | 69.33d | 6.47c | 6.67ab | 6.90c | 6.53c |
| UDDS | 73.00ab | 7.00a | 6.37cd | 7.37a | 7.13ab |
| UCT | 66.67e | 6.03d | 6.87a | 6.40d | 6.03d |
Analysis of variance |
Year | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Treatment | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Year × Treatment | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |