Selenium and Iodine Biofortification Interacting with Supplementary Blue Light to Enhance the Growth Characteristics, Pigments, Trigonelline and Seed Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Growing Conditions
2.2. Morphological Traits
2.3. Physiological and Biochemical Traits
2.3.1. Leaf Relative Water Content (RWC)
- Fw: Leaf fresh weight.
- Dw: Leaf dry weight.
- Sw: Leaf saturated weight.
2.3.2. Total Chlorophyll and Carotenoids
2.3.3. Total Anthocyanin
2.3.4. Trigonelline Content of Shoot and Seed
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plant Growth and Seed Yield
3.1.1. Plant Length
3.1.2. Fresh Weight of Shoots
3.1.3. Dry Weight of Shoot
3.1.4. Fresh Weight of Roots
3.1.5. Dry Weight of Roots
3.1.6. Relative Water Content (RWC) of Leaves
3.1.7. Seed Yield
3.2. Plant Pigments
3.2.1. Total Chlorophyll
3.2.2. Anthocyanin Content
3.2.3. Carotenoid Content
3.3. Trigonelline Content of Shoot and Seed
3.3.1. Shoot Trigonelline Content
3.3.2. Seed Trigonelline Content
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Light | Selenium | Plant Height (cm) | Chlorophyll (Mg·g FW) | RWC (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue | 0 | 12.44 ± 1.1 b | 3.84 ± 0.2 c | 64.88 ± 1.9 c |
2 | 15.77 ± 1.1 a | 4.76 ± 0.2 b | 65.11 ± 2.2 b | |
4 | 15.00 ± 1.0 a | 5.85 ± 0.2 a | 72.66 ± 3.3 a | |
Control | 0 | 18.66 ± 1.2 a | 2.71 ± 0.3 c | 64.55 ± 2.4 c |
2 | 18.22 ± 1.1 a | 3.39 ± 0.2 b | 61.55 ± 2.7 b | |
4 | 19.44 ± 1.0 a | 4.20 ± 0.2 a | 65.55 ± 2.2 a | |
LSD | 1.3 | 0.2 | 4.0 |
Light | Plant Height (cm) | FWS (gr) | RWC (%) | Chlorophyll (Mg·g FW) | Anthocyanin (Ug·g FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue | 29.50 ± 2.0 b | 75.99 ± 2.6 a | 54.07 ± 2.8 a | 3.49 ± 0.3 a | 8.10 ± 0.5 a |
Control | 34.37 ± 2.2 a | 69.20 ± 2.5 b | 46.63 ± 3.6 b | 2.69 ± 0.3 b | 6.92 ± 0.5 b |
LSD | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Selenium | Carotenoids (Mg·g FW) | Anthocyanin (Ug·g FW) | Plant Height (cm) | FWS (g) | Chlorophyll (Mg·g FW) | RWC (%) | Anthocyanin (Ug·g FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DAP40 | DAP80 | ||||||
0 | 0.34 ± 0.04 c | 3.68 ± 0.2 c | 28.50 ± 1.7 c | 69.50 ± 2.3 b | 2.67 ± 0.3 c | 44.16 ± 3.5 b | 6.54 ± 0.4 c |
2 | 0.41 ± 0.04 b | 5.46 ± 0.3 b | 31.72 ± 2.1 b | 71.24 ± 2.9 b | 3.02 ± 0.3 b | 52.66 ± 2.4 a | 7.63 ± 0.4 b |
4 | 0.54 ± 0.05 a | 5.85 ± 0.3 a | 35.5 ± 2.0 a | 76.85 ± 3.0 a | 3.59 ± 0.3 a | 54.22 ± 3.0 a | 8.37 ± 0.5 a |
LSD | 0.03 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.4 |
Light | FWS (g) | DWS (g) | FWR (g) | Anthocyanin (Ug·g FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue | 55.91 ± 2.6 a | 11.44 ± 0.5 a | 8.29 ± 0.4 b | 5.24 ± 0.4 a |
Control | 50.53 ± 2.8 b | 9.55 ± 0.6 b | 11.31 ± 0.5 a | 4.76 ± 0.3 b |
LSD | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Selenium | I | FWS (g) | DWS (g) | Chlorophyll (Mg·g FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 44.73 ± 3.8 b | 10.25 ± 0.5 ab | 3.11 ± 0.3 ab |
2 | 53.06 ± 2.0 a | 9.72 ± 0.7 b | 3.27 ± 0.3 a | |
4 | 51.47 ± 1.9 a | 11.30 ± 0.7 a | 2.76 ± 0.2 b | |
2 | 0 | 54.17 ± 2.0 a | 10.97 ± 0.7 ab | 3.84 ± 0.4 b |
2 | 52.96 ± 1.9 a | 11.25 ± 0.7 a | 3.84 ± 0.4 b | |
4 | 52.80 ± 1.7 a | 10.15 ± 0.7 b | 4.54 ± 0.3 a | |
4 | 0 | 57.63 ± 3.0 a | 10.70 ± 0.7 a | 4.78 ± 0.5 a |
2 | 56.57 ± 2.0 a | 10.03 ± 0.9 a | 5.12 ± 0.5 a | |
4 | 55.61 ± 3.5 a | 10.12 ± 1.1 a | 5.17 ± 0.6 a | |
LSD | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.45 |
Light | Selenium | DWS (g) | FWR (g) | DWR (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue | 0 | 22.78 ± 1.3 a | 11.48 ± 0.4 a | 2.53 ± 0.2 a |
2 | 20.72 ± 1.7 b | 11.08 ± 0.5 a | 2.42 ± 0.1 a | |
4 | 20.10 ± 0.6 b | 11.34 ± 0.3 a | 1.95 ± 0.2 b | |
Control | 0 | 16.91 ± 0.4 a | 13.56 ± 0.4 b | 3.22 ± 0.2 a |
2 | 17.53 ± 0.9 a | 13.86 ± 1.0 b | 3.45 ± 0.4 a | |
4 | 17.06 ± 0.7 a | 14.70 ± 1.0 a | 3.27 ± 0.3 a | |
LSD | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
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Ramezani, S.; Yousefshahi, B.; Farrokhzad, Y.; Ramezan, D.; Zargar, M.; Pakina, E. Selenium and Iodine Biofortification Interacting with Supplementary Blue Light to Enhance the Growth Characteristics, Pigments, Trigonelline and Seed Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.). Agronomy 2023, 13, 2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082070
Ramezani S, Yousefshahi B, Farrokhzad Y, Ramezan D, Zargar M, Pakina E. Selenium and Iodine Biofortification Interacting with Supplementary Blue Light to Enhance the Growth Characteristics, Pigments, Trigonelline and Seed Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.). Agronomy. 2023; 13(8):2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082070
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamezani, Sadrollah, Behnaz Yousefshahi, Yusuf Farrokhzad, Dariush Ramezan, Meisam Zargar, and Elena Pakina. 2023. "Selenium and Iodine Biofortification Interacting with Supplementary Blue Light to Enhance the Growth Characteristics, Pigments, Trigonelline and Seed Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.)" Agronomy 13, no. 8: 2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082070