Impact of Different Irrigation Methods on the Main Chemical Characteristics of Typical Mediterranean Fluvisols in Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
2.2. Physico-Chemical Attributes of the Soil and Analytical Methods
2.3. Statistical and Geostatistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. SOM
3.2. pH
H2CO3 ⟶ H2O + CO2
3.3. EC
3.4. Predictive Maps
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depth | Sand | Silt | Clay | pH | SOM | EC | P | Ca | Mg | K | Na | Ca | Mg | K | Na | CEC | BSP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fluvisols | (cm) | (%) | (water) | (%) | (dS m−1) | (mg.kg−1) | (cmol(+) kg−1) | |||||||||||
0–20 | 72 | 13 | 15 | 6.6 | 1.22 | 156 | 151 | 1640 | 243 | 201 | 45 | 8.3 | 2.1 | 0.40 | 0.17 | 22 | 49 |
Param. | Sampling Date | Irrigation System | Arit. Mean | Sample Size | Statistical Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOM (%) | 2001/2002 | all | 1.22 | 660 | T(1344): 0.043 | 0.966 |
2011/2012 | 1.21 | 686 | ||||
pH (water) | 2001/2002 | 6.3 | 660 | T(1344): −3.129 | 0.002 | |
2011/2012 | 6.6 | 686 | ||||
EC (dS m−1) | 2001/2002 | 0.130 | 660 | U: 170,514.000 | 0.000 | |
2011/2012 | 0.156 | 686 |
Param. | Sampling Date | Irrigation System | Arit. Mean | Sample Size | Statistical Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOM (%) | 2001/2002 | rainfed | 1.39 | 266 | U: 35,646.000 | 0.000 |
irrigated | 1.12 | 394 | ||||
pH (water) | 2001/2002 | rainfed | 6.4 | 266 | U: 47,894.500 | 0.060 |
irrigated | 6.2 | 394 | ||||
EC (dS m−1) | 2001/2002 | rainfed | 0.102 | 266 | U: 42,338.500 | 0.000 |
irrigated | 0.149 | 394 |
Param. | Sampling Date | Irrigation System | Arit. Mean | Sample Size | Statistical Test | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOM (%) | 2011/2012 | rainfed | 1.43 a | 249 | X2(2): 62.755 | 0.000 |
sprinkler | 1.20 b | 187 | ||||
drip | 1.05 c | 243 | ||||
pH (water) | 2011/2012 | rainfed | 6.5 a | 249 | X2(2): 4.169 | 0.124 |
sprinkler | 6.6 a | 187 | ||||
drip | 6.6 a | 243 | ||||
EC (dS m−1) | 2011/2012 | rainfed | 0.128 a | 249 | F(2676): 6.788 | 0.001 |
sprinkler | 0.173 b | 187 | ||||
drip | 0.173 b | 243 |
Parameter | Level | 2001/2002 | 2011/2012 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | % | Area (ha) | % | ||
SOM (%) | <1.00 | 1264 | 18.7 | 1626 | 24.0 |
1.00–1.25 | 2330 | 34.4 | 2269 | 33.5 | |
1.25–1.50 | 2131 | 31.5 | 1373 | 20.3 | |
1.50–1.75 | 562 | 8.3 | 778 | 11.5 | |
>1.75 | 483 | 7.1 | 723 | 10.7 | |
pH (water) | <5.5 | 210 | 3.1 | 364 | 5.4 |
5.5–6.0 | 2406 | 35.5 | 1159 | 17.1 | |
6.0–6.5 | 2192 | 32.4 | 1781 | 26.3 | |
6.5–7.0 | 1014 | 15.0 | 1673 | 24.7 | |
7.0–7.5 | 597 | 8.8 | 950 | 14.0 | |
7.5–8.0 | 281 | 4.1 | 455 | 6.7 | |
>8.0 | 70 | 1.0 | 387 | 5.7 | |
EC (dS m−1) | <0.100 | 3526 | 52.1 | 922 | 13.6 |
0.100–0.200 | 2797 | 41.3 | 4438 | 65.6 | |
0.200–0.300 | 392 | 5.8 | 1268 | 18.7 | |
0.300–0.400 | 53.7 | 0.8 | 135 | 2.0 | |
>0.400 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 0.1 |
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Telo da Gama, J.; López-Piñeiro, A.; Loures, L.; Nunes, J.R. Impact of Different Irrigation Methods on the Main Chemical Characteristics of Typical Mediterranean Fluvisols in Portugal. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082097
Telo da Gama J, López-Piñeiro A, Loures L, Nunes JR. Impact of Different Irrigation Methods on the Main Chemical Characteristics of Typical Mediterranean Fluvisols in Portugal. Agronomy. 2023; 13(8):2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082097
Chicago/Turabian StyleTelo da Gama, José, António López-Piñeiro, Luís Loures, and José Rato Nunes. 2023. "Impact of Different Irrigation Methods on the Main Chemical Characteristics of Typical Mediterranean Fluvisols in Portugal" Agronomy 13, no. 8: 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082097