Reducing Irrigation and Increasing Plant Density Enhance Both Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency in Cotton under Film Drip Irrigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design and Field Management
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Above-Ground Dry Matter
2.3.2. Leaf Area Index
2.3.3. Photosynthetic Effective Radiation, Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency
2.3.4. Light Extinction Coefficient
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Above-Ground Dry Matter, Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency
3.2. Leaf Area Index
3.3. The Fractional of Light Interception
3.4. Light Extinction Coefficient
3.5. Spatial Distribution of Light
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Irrigation Quota and Planting Density on Above-Ground Dry Matter
4.2. Effects of Irrigation Quota and Planting Density on Leaf Area Index and Light Interception
4.3. Effects of Irrigation Quota and Planting Density on Light Use Efficiency
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Irrigation | Density | Above-Ground Dry Matter | Light Interception | Light Use Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (Plants m−2) | (g m−2) | (MJ m−2) | (g MJ−1) | |
2019 | 315 | 13.5 | 971.49 c | 371.51 b | 2.46 b |
18 | 1170.7 b | 423.21 ab | 2.81 ab | ||
22.5 | 1549.4 a | 524.61 a | 3.23 a | ||
SE | 73.72 | 20.73 | 0.11005 | ||
405 | 13.5 | 1115.2 c | 398.91 b | 2.77 b | |
18 | 1450.5 b | 505.11 a | 3.12 ab | ||
22.5 | 1632.8 a | 538.01 a | 3.46 a | ||
SE | 66.12 | 19.14 | 0.10771 | ||
495 | 13.5 | 1351.6 c | 463.51 b | 2.89 b | |
18 | 1605.5 b | 539.41 ab | 3.28 a | ||
22.5 | 1762.5 a | 585.11 a | 3.49 a | ||
SE | 55.02 | 17.13 | 0.08537 | ||
2020 | 315 | 13.5 | 925.16 c | 385.36 b | 2.37 c |
18 | 1171.97 b | 410.65 b | 2.93 b | ||
22.5 | 1617.08 a | 520.44 a | 3.50 a | ||
SE | 87.39 | 19.57 | 0.16 | ||
405 | 13.5 | 1121.97 c | 432.10 b | 2.54 b | |
18 | 1488.34 b | 507.13 a | 3.26 a | ||
22.5 | 1751.68 a | 544.63 a | 3.68 a | ||
SE | 80.46 | 17.68 | 0.17 | ||
495 | 13.5 | 1321.97 c | 474.03 b | 2.90 b | |
18 | 1593.47 b | 530.44 a | 3.37 a | ||
22.5 | 1848.96 a | 576.00 a | 3.71 a | ||
SE | 67.88 | 15.23 | 0.11 | ||
p-value | |||||
Year | 0.118 | 0.500 | 0.116 | ||
Irrigation | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Density | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Irrigation × Density | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.485 | ||
Year × Irrigation × Density | 0.998 | 0.995 | 0.890 |
Year | Irrigation | Density | Am | Cm | te | tm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (plants m−2) | m2 m−2 d−1 | d | d | ||
2019 | 315 | 13.5 | 2.42 b | 0.037 a | 120.36 a | 81.22 a |
18 | 2.55 ab | 0.034 a | 122.98 a | 74.09 a | ||
22.5 | 2.86 a | 0.040 a | 120.18 a | 75.26 a | ||
SE | 0.079 | 0.001 | 0.947 | 1.63 | ||
405 | 13.5 | 2.58 b | 0.037 a | 122.24 a | 79.94 a | |
18 | 2.71 ab | 0.038 a | 118.85 a | 74.67 a | ||
22.5 | 2.97 a | 0.042 a | 121.95 a | 79.23 a | ||
SE | 0.072 | 0.001 | 0.789 | 1.13 | ||
495 | 13.5 | 2.79 b | 0.041 a | 121.81 a | 81.45 a | |
18 | 3.24 a | 0.045 a | 125.39 a | 79.43 a | ||
22.5 | 3.17 a | 0.043 a | 122.54 a | 74.62 a | ||
SE | 0.079 | 0.001 | 1.16 | 1.63 | ||
2020 | 315 | 13.5 | 2.30 c | 0.034 c | 119.29 a | 76.54 a |
18 | 2.81 b | 0.040 b | 117.86 a | 72.94 a | ||
22.5 | 3.24 a | 0.046 a | 118.21 a | 74.21 a | ||
SE | 0.127 | 0.002 | 0.729 | 1.639 | ||
405 | 13.5 | 2.71 b | 0.040 b | 119.99 a | 78.51 a | |
18 | 3.01 b | 0.043 b | 117.52 b | 71.72 a | ||
22.5 | 3.51 a | 0.053 a | 114.09 c | 71.47 a | ||
SE | 0.136 | 0.002 | 0.805 | 1.599 | ||
495 | 13.5 | 3.10 b | 0.045 b | 120.59 a | 78.68 a | |
18 | 3.43 b | 0.050 ab | 115.39 b | 72.58 a | ||
22.5 | 4.09 a | 0.061 a | 115.69 b | 73.42 a | ||
SE | 0.155 | 0.003 | 0.903 | 1.844 | ||
p-value | ||||||
Year | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | ||
Irrigation | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.374 | 0.772 | ||
Density | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.058 | 0.001 | ||
Irrigation × Density | 0.540 | 0.706 | 0.472 | 0.822 | ||
Year × Irrigation × Density | 0.015 | 0.126 | 0.037 | 0.452 |
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Wu, F.; Tang, Q.; Zhang, L.; Cui, J.; Tian, L.; Guo, R.; Wang, L.; Chen, B.; Zhang, N.; Ali, S.; et al. Reducing Irrigation and Increasing Plant Density Enhance Both Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency in Cotton under Film Drip Irrigation. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092248
Wu F, Tang Q, Zhang L, Cui J, Tian L, Guo R, Wang L, Chen B, Zhang N, Ali S, et al. Reducing Irrigation and Increasing Plant Density Enhance Both Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency in Cotton under Film Drip Irrigation. Agronomy. 2023; 13(9):2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092248
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Fengquan, Qiuxiang Tang, Lizhen Zhang, Jianping Cui, Liwen Tian, Rensong Guo, Liang Wang, Baiqing Chen, Na Zhang, Saif Ali, and et al. 2023. "Reducing Irrigation and Increasing Plant Density Enhance Both Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency in Cotton under Film Drip Irrigation" Agronomy 13, no. 9: 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092248