Inversion of Soil Salinity in the Irrigated Region along the Southern Bank of the Yellow River Using UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Test Data Acquisition and Processing
2.2.1. Gathering Field Data
2.2.2. UAV Data Acquisition
2.3. Optimization of Spectral Variables
2.4. Model Construction and Accuracy Evaluation
2.4.1. Model Construction
2.4.2. Model Accuracy Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Soil Salinity Characteristics
3.2. Correlation between Spectral Variables and SSC
3.3. Construction and Simulation of SSC
3.3.1. Comparison of the Training Process of Each Model
3.3.2. Precision Comparison of Each Model
3.3.3. Evaluation of Soil Salinity Accuracy in Different Periods
4. Discussion
4.1. RE Band of UAV Remote Sensing Utilized for Soil Salinity Inversion
4.2. Comparison and Optimization of Soil Salinity Inversion Models
4.3. Accuracy and Reasons of Soil Salinity Inversion Model in Different Growth Stages of Crops
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Depth (cm) | Saturation Moisture Content (%) | Field Capacity (%) | Bulk Density (g·cm−3) | Soil Texture |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–20 | 32.12–35.06 | 28.69–33.37 | 1.43–1.46 | Silt |
20–40 | 35.77–38.24 | 31.84–35.67 | 1.37–1.39 | Silt loam |
40–60 | 33.25–38.31 | 32.01–34.02 | 1.36–1.40 | Silt loam |
60–80 | 27.01–31.85 | 26.33–29.62 | 1.43–1.46 | Silt loam |
80–100 | 30.45–34.16 | 28.21–32.34 | 1.41–1.44 | Silt loam |
Spectral Index | Calculation Formula | Spectral Index | Calculation Formula |
---|---|---|---|
S2 | S2 = (B − R)/(B + R) | DVI | DVI = NIR − R |
S3 | S3 = (R × G)/B | RVI | RVI = NIR/R |
S4 | S4 = (B × R)0.5 | SI* | SI* = (RE + R)0.5 |
S5 | S5 = (B × R)/G | SI1* | SI1* = (RE × R)0.5 |
S6 | S6 = (R × NIR)/G | SI2* | SI2* = (G2 + R2 + RE2)0.5 |
SI1 | SI1 = (G × R)0.5 | SI3* | SI3* = (RE2 + R2)0.5 |
SI2 | SI2 = (G2 + R2 + NIR2)0.5 | Int1* | Int1* = (RE + R)/2 |
SI3 | SI3 = (G2 + R2)0.5 | Int2* | Int2* = (G + R + RE)/2 |
SI | SI = (B + R)0.5 | SI-reg | SI-reg = (B + RE)0.5 |
SRSI | SRSI = ((NDVI − 1)2 + SI12)0.5 | SI1-reg | SI1-reg = (G × RE)0.5 |
BI | BI = (R2 + NIR2)0.5 | SI2-reg | SI2-reg= (G2 + RE2 + NIR2)0.5 |
Int1 | Int1 = (G + R)/2 | SI3-reg | SI3-reg = (G2 + RE2)0.5 |
NDVI | NDVI = (NIR − R)/(NIR + R) | Int1-reg | Int1-reg = (G+ RE)/2 |
VIopt | VIopt = 1.45 × ((NIR2 + 1)/(R + 0.45)) | Int2-reg | Int2-reg = (G + RE + NIR)/2 |
Time | Number of Samples | SSC (g/kg) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Sample | Nonsaline Soil | Light Saline Soil | Moderately Saline Soil | Heavy Saline Soil | Saline Soil | Max | Min | Avg. | SD | Med. | CV | ||
2022 | Before spring irrigation | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 25 | 32.2 | 7.0 | 16.7 | 7.1 | 15.8 | 0.426 |
Budding stage | 39 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 29 | 23.1 | 5.5 | 14.5 | 4.7 | 14.3 | 0.325 | |
Flowering stage | 39 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 22 | 24.5 | 4.0 | 13.5 | 5.4 | 13.4 | 0.401 | |
Maturity stage | 39 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 21 | 31.3 | 4.2 | 13.9 | 6.8 | 13.4 | 0.492 | |
2023 | Before spring irrigation | 39 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 22 | 24.6 | 4.3 | 13.9 | 5.4 | 14.5 | 0.389 |
Budding stage | 39 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 18 | 7 | 15.8 | 4.0 | 8.9 | 3.3 | 8.7 | 0.375 | |
Flowering stage | 39 | 0 | 10 | 9 | 19 | 1 | 15.4 | 4.0 | 7.4 | 2.6 | 7.4 | 0.355 | |
Maturity stage | 39 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 19 | 5 | 14.3 | 1.9 | 8.1 | 3.1 | 7.9 | 0.381 |
Evaluation Index | RF | BPNN | PLSR | Transformer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Train | Test | Train | Test | Train | Test | Train | Test | |
RMSE | 3.96 | 3.68 | 3.98 | 3.98 | 4.72 | 4.10 | 2.22 | 2.41 |
R2 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.83 | 0.84 |
MAE | 3.04 | 2.88 | 3.00 | 3.08 | 3.72 | 3.26 | 1.67 | 1.84 |
MRE | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
MBE | 3.04 | 2.88 | 3.00 | 3.08 | 5.63 | 5.14 | 1.67 | 1.67 |
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Wang, Y.; Qu, Z.; Yang, W.; Chen, X.; Qiao, T. Inversion of Soil Salinity in the Irrigated Region along the Southern Bank of the Yellow River Using UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing. Agronomy 2024, 14, 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030523
Wang Y, Qu Z, Yang W, Chen X, Qiao T. Inversion of Soil Salinity in the Irrigated Region along the Southern Bank of the Yellow River Using UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing. Agronomy. 2024; 14(3):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030523
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuxuan, Zhongyi Qu, Wei Yang, Xi Chen, and Tian Qiao. 2024. "Inversion of Soil Salinity in the Irrigated Region along the Southern Bank of the Yellow River Using UAV Multispectral Remote Sensing" Agronomy 14, no. 3: 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030523