Resistance to Site-Specific Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicides Is Pervasive in Populations of Black and Yellow Sigatoka Pathogens in Banana Plantations from Southeastern Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Area
2.2. Pathogen Strain Isolation, Identification, and Storage
2.3. Fungicide Sensitivity Evaluation
SDHI Fungicide Sensitivity Testing
- RRMycosphaerella = relative reduction of resazurin due to the metabolic activity;
- T = absorbance reading at 569 nm;
- T0 = reading at time zero, immediately after adding RZ to the microplate wells;
- T24 = reading time 24 h after adding RZ.
2.4. Determination of Mutations in the SdhB, SdhC, SdhC2, and SdhD Genes
2.5. Sensitivity to Efflux Pump Substrates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. SDHI Fungicides Sensitivity Testing
3.2. Detection of Mutations in the Sdh Genes
3.2.1. Mutations in the SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD Genes from Mf and SDHI Sensitivity
3.2.2. Mutations in the SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD Genes from Mm
3.2.3. Examination of an Additional SdhC Paralog from Mf and Mm
3.3. Efflux Pump Inhibition Assay
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Primers | Sequence (5′-3′) | Amplicon Size (bp) | Annealing Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MfSdhB | SdhB_Mf_F42 | TTCTGCTTCACCACGTCTCC | 1164 | 55.0 |
SdhB_Mf_R1205 | TGTGAGTCTGCCTATCATGA | |||
MfSdhC | SdhC_Mf_F84 | TGTTTGTCTACACCAGCACTG | 849 | 58.0 |
SdhC_Mf_R932 | AAGCCAAAGTGAGTTGCCCA | |||
MfSdhC2 | Sdh_altC_Mf_F35 | TCGAAGTGATGCAGGATAAGAATC | 341 | 58.4 |
Sdh_altC_Mf_R341 | AGTGAGCCGAAGATATGCAAG | |||
MfSdhD | SdhD_Mf_F92 | TCTGTCTTCCCACCTCTCAC | 996 | 58.5 |
SdhD_Mf_R1087 | GCCACGGGATTGAGCTGTTG | |||
MmSdhB | SdhB_Mm_F103 | CCTCCCCTCTGCTCATTACG | 996 | 59.5 |
SdhB_Mm_R1098 | CACCACCCCACCACATACC | |||
MmSdhC | SdhC_Mm_F100 | TGTCTGTCTACACCAGCACTG | 946 | 58.0 |
SdhC_Mm_R845 | CAACCTGCAAACCAAGACCC | |||
MmSdhC2 | Sdh_altC_Mm_620F | CACAATCATTCATAACTCGGCG | 845 | 58.1 |
Sdh_altC_Mm_1464R | TCGGAAAGTAGACATCGACAAC | |||
MmSdhD | SdhD_Mm_F153 | CCCACCCTGATCTTTTGCAT | 899 | 58.0 |
SdhD_Mm_R1051 | CCATACCACAAAGCGAGCCA |
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Silva, T.C.; Moreira, S.I.; de Souza, D.M.; Christiano, F.S., Jr.; Gasparoto, M.C.G.; Fraaije, B.A.; Goldman, G.H.; Ceresini, P.C. Resistance to Site-Specific Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicides Is Pervasive in Populations of Black and Yellow Sigatoka Pathogens in Banana Plantations from Southeastern Brazil. Agronomy 2024, 14, 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040666
Silva TC, Moreira SI, de Souza DM, Christiano FS Jr., Gasparoto MCG, Fraaije BA, Goldman GH, Ceresini PC. Resistance to Site-Specific Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicides Is Pervasive in Populations of Black and Yellow Sigatoka Pathogens in Banana Plantations from Southeastern Brazil. Agronomy. 2024; 14(4):666. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040666
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Tatiane C., Silvino I. Moreira, Daniel M. de Souza, Felix S. Christiano, Jr., Maria C. G. Gasparoto, Bart A. Fraaije, Gustavo H. Goldman, and Paulo C. Ceresini. 2024. "Resistance to Site-Specific Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicides Is Pervasive in Populations of Black and Yellow Sigatoka Pathogens in Banana Plantations from Southeastern Brazil" Agronomy 14, no. 4: 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040666