Optimizing Straw Mulching Methods to Control Soil and Water Losses on Loess Sloped Farmland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Straw Mulch Treatment
2.3. Rainfall Simulation and Plot Establishment
2.4. Field Measurement
2.5. Research Methods and Data Analysis
2.5.1. Improved Merriam Interception Model
2.5.2. Analysis of the Benefits of Water and Sand Reduction
2.5.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Interception Process of Different Straw Mulching Methods
3.2. Influence of Different Straw Mulching Methods on the Runoff and Soil Erosion
3.2.1. Initial Runoff Time
3.2.2. Runoff and Soil Erosion Processes
3.2.3. Relationship between Runoff Rate and Sediment Yield Rates
3.2.4. Runoff and Sediment Yields
3.3. The Role of Straw Mulching Parameters on Soil Water Erosion
4. Discussion
4.1. Straw Interception Models for Different Mulching Methods
4.2. Effect of Different Mulching Methods on Rainwater Partitioning
4.3. Effectiveness of Different Straw Mulching Methods in Controlling Soil and Water Losses
4.4. Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clay (%) <2 μm | Silt (%) 2–50 μm | Sand (%) 50–2000 μm | Soil Texture | Bulk Density (g cm−3) | Organic Carbon (g kg−1) | Ph |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10.8 ± 1.2 | 32.3 ± 2.2 | 56.9 ± 2.7 | Sandy loam | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 0.3 |
Coverage Rate (kg m−2) | Initial Runoff Time (s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1/4 Plot’s Mulch Strip | 1/2 Plot’s Mulch Strip | 3/4 Plot’s Mulch Strip | 1 Plot’s Mulch Strip | |
0 | 61.2 ± 11.4 aA | 61.2 ± 11.4 aA | 61.2 ± 11.4 aA | 61.2 ± 11.4 aA |
0.2 | 335.4 ± 30.2 bA | 439.7 ± 40.6 bAB | 559.8 ± 38.8 bB | 939.0 ± 196.7 bC |
0.5 | 356.3 ± 93.8 bA | 705.7 ± 139.4 cB | 1057.6 ± 176.6 cC | 1304.4 ± 227.6 cC |
0.8 | 369.1 ± 65.6 bA | 873.5 ± 154.1 cB | 1220.2 ± 233.5 cC | 1500.4 ± 253.1 cC |
Variable | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Total Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Straw coverage rate | −0.25 | −0.09 | −0.34 |
Length of straw mulching strips | −0.19 | −0.74 | −0.93 |
Runoff yield | 0.86 | 0.072 | 0.95 |
Sediment concentration | 0.17 | 0 | 0.17 |
Interception | −0.33 | 0 | −0.33 |
Mulch Rate (kg m−2) | Length of Straw Mulching Strips | c | R2 | NSE |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | 1/4 plot | 0.14 | 0.95 | 0.84 |
2/4 plot | 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.75 | |
3/4 plot | 0.36 | 0.94 | 0.8 | |
4/4 plot | 0.43 | 0.96 | 0.89 | |
0.5 | 1/4 plot | 0.28 | 0.94 | 0.8 |
2/4 plot | 0.33 | 0.96 | 0.86 | |
3/4 plot | 0.53 | 0.96 | 0.83 | |
4/4 plot | 0.67 | 0.95 | 0.8 | |
0.8 | 1/4 plot | 0.26 | 0.95 | 0.82 |
2/4 plot | 0.51 | 0.97 | 0.88 | |
3/4 plot | 0.69 | 0.98 | 0.93 | |
4/4 plot | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.89 |
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Zhao, X.; Song, X.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Meng, P.; Fu, C.; Wang, L.; Wei, W.; Yang, N.; Liu, Y.; et al. Optimizing Straw Mulching Methods to Control Soil and Water Losses on Loess Sloped Farmland. Agronomy 2024, 14, 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040696
Zhao X, Song X, Wang D, Li L, Meng P, Fu C, Wang L, Wei W, Yang N, Liu Y, et al. Optimizing Straw Mulching Methods to Control Soil and Water Losses on Loess Sloped Farmland. Agronomy. 2024; 14(4):696. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040696
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Xinkai, Xiaoyu Song, Danyang Wang, Lanjun Li, Pengfei Meng, Chong Fu, Long Wang, Wanyin Wei, Nan Yang, Yu Liu, and et al. 2024. "Optimizing Straw Mulching Methods to Control Soil and Water Losses on Loess Sloped Farmland" Agronomy 14, no. 4: 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040696