Locomotor Activity of Adult Olive Fruit Flies Recorded under Conditions of Food or Water Deprivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Gathering Non-Infested and Infested Olives
2.2. Preparing Adults for Different Experimental Treatments
- (a)
- BugDorm-type cages (30 × 30 × 30 cm3) for rearing insects to maintain the colony [24].
- (b)
- Plexiglass transparent cages (20 × 20 × 20 cm3) for obtaining experimental insects from pupae in Petri dishes (9.0-cm Ø).
- (c)
- Individual cages (modified plastic cups) (6.5 × 8 × 9.5 cm3) for maintaining the insects (with access to food and water) until they were placed in the Trikinetics device.
- (a)
- Obtaining the adults: pupae derived from the infested olives were placed in Petri dishes within Plexiglass cages.
- (b)
- Upon emergence, males and females were placed in individual plastic cups—cages (one insect per cage) with water and diet until the day (5, 15, 30, and 45 days) they entered the Trikinetics device to avoid mating and adverse effects of crowding. The selection of the four age classes (5, 15, 30, and 45 days) aimed to explore the activity patterns of adults due to food or water deprivation as they get older.
2.3. Recording Adult Fly Activity Using a Trikinetic Device
2.4. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
- Sex (with 2 levels: males, females);
- Ages (with 4 levels: 5, 15, 30, and 45 days);
- Types of stress (with 3 levels: control, food-deprived, and water-deprived);
- Daytime periods (with 2 levels: 07:00–14:59 and 15:00–20:59).
- Sex (with 2 levels: males and females);
- Ages (with 4 levels: 5, 15, 30, and 45 days);
- Types of stress (with 3 levels: control, food-deprived, water-deprived).
3. Results
3.1. Comparisons between Type of Stress
3.2. Comparisons between Males and Females
3.3. Comparisons between Age Groups and Daytime–Nighttime Periods
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Marked differences were observed in insects’ activity between daytime and nighttime.
- Food-deprived adult flies of both sexes exhibited the highest locomotory activity followed by water-deprived and then by control adult flies.
- During the daytime period 15:00 to 20:59, adults showed higher activity compared to the daytime period 07:00 to 14:59.
- Higher activity levels were recorded in 5-day-old males and females compared to those that were 45 days old.
- The 30-day-old female flies exhibited higher levels of locomotory activity than males of the same age during the daytime period.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Periods of Day | Mean (with Std. Error) | Transformed Mean (with Std. Error) |
---|---|---|
Daytime | 308.34 ± 9.3 | 15.64 ± 0.8 |
Nighttime | 21.38 ± 1.9 | 0.91 ± 0.1 |
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Balampekou, E.I.; Koveos, D.S.; Koutsos, T.M.; Menexes, G.C.; Kapranas, A.; Carey, J.R.; Kouloussis, N.A. Locomotor Activity of Adult Olive Fruit Flies Recorded under Conditions of Food or Water Deprivation. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051051
Balampekou EI, Koveos DS, Koutsos TM, Menexes GC, Kapranas A, Carey JR, Kouloussis NA. Locomotor Activity of Adult Olive Fruit Flies Recorded under Conditions of Food or Water Deprivation. Agronomy. 2024; 14(5):1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051051
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalampekou, Evangelia I., Dimitrios S. Koveos, Thomas M. Koutsos, Georgios C. Menexes, Apostolos Kapranas, James R. Carey, and Nikos A. Kouloussis. 2024. "Locomotor Activity of Adult Olive Fruit Flies Recorded under Conditions of Food or Water Deprivation" Agronomy 14, no. 5: 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051051