Cross-Regional Crop Classification Based on Sentinel-2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Image Sources and Input Feature
3. Model Development and Evaluation
3.1. Hypothesis Testing Distribution Method
3.2. Gradient Descent
3.3. Method for Evaluating Model Prediction Accuracy
3.4. Input Feature Evaluation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Comparison of the Improvement in Forecast Accuracy across Time Domains with the HTDM
4.2. Robustness of Hypothetical Distribution Test Method for Different Crop Distributions
4.3. SHAP Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Farm Name | Year | Proportion of Rice | Proportion of Maize | Proportion of Soybeans | Proportion of Wheat | AREA (m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bawuling | 2019 | 0.751 | 0.201 | 0.048 | 0 | 788,374,229.43 |
2020 | 0.749 | 0.178 | 0.073 | 0 | 821,538,859.59 | |
2021 | 0.752 | 0.222 | 0.026 | 0 | 820,802,304.13 | |
2022 | 0.72 | 0.165 | 0.115 | 0 | 820,989,318.27 | |
Bawuba | 2019 | 0.936 | 0.025 | 0.039 | 0 | 801,388,296.55 |
2020 | 0.939 | 0.015 | 0.046 | 0 | 801,942,534.54 | |
2021 | 0.927 | 0.031 | 0.041 | 0 | 801,667,709.59 | |
2022 | 0.895 | 0.027 | 0.078 | 0 | 806,883,923.12 | |
Yunshan | 2019 | 0.525 | 0.171 | 0.305 | 0 | 560,784,029.20 |
2020 | 0.528 | 0.215 | 0.257 | 0 | 560,773,507.85 | |
2021 | 0.528 | 0.315 | 0.158 | 0 | 561,091,394.98 | |
2022 | 0.516 | 0.165 | 0.319 | 0 | 563,253,919.40 | |
Junchuan | 2019 | 0.827 | 0.158 | 0.016 | 0 | 842,704,046.51 |
2020 | 0.827 | 0.129 | 0.044 | 0 | 842,557,865.42 | |
2021 | 0.829 | 0.159 | 0.012 | 0 | 842,484,184.65 | |
2022 | 0.822 | 0.093 | 0.085 | 0 | 845,874,235.93 | |
Qixing | 2019 | 0.858 | 0.055 | 0.088 | 0 | 1,489,302,362.59 |
2020 | 0.847 | 0.062 | 0.092 | 0 | 1,494,554,545.85 | |
2021 | 0.825 | 0.081 | 0.094 | 0 | 1,493,962,739.02 | |
2022 | 0.832 | 0.076 | 0.092 | 0 | 1,494,063,878.37 | |
Hongwei | 2019 | 0.944 | 0.008 | 0.048 | 0 | 621,707,476.94 |
2020 | 0.939 | 0.009 | 0.052 | 0 | 625,380,146.97 | |
2021 | 0.928 | 0.035 | 0.038 | 0 | 625,145,749.98 | |
2022 | 0.849 | 0.061 | 0.089 | 0 | 633,873,572.45 | |
Longmen | 2019 | 0 | 0.068 | 0.924 | 0.008 | 401,765,003.04 |
2020 | 0 | 0.166 | 0.808 | 0.026 | 403,031,764.76 | |
2021 | 0 | 0.127 | 0.766 | 0.107 | 404,177,043.18 | |
2022 | 0 | 0.092 | 0.836 | 0.072 | 404,716,699.72 | |
Longzhen | 2019 | 0.018 | 0.362 | 0.619 | 0 | 684,490,977.34 |
2020 | 0.021 | 0.303 | 0.676 | 0 | 680,682,141.26 | |
2021 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.729 | 0.071 | 680,930,624.84 | |
2022 | 0.017 | 0.321 | 0.661 | 0 | 681,397,904.22 | |
Heshan | 2019 | 0 | 0.374 | 0.626 | 0 | 1,071,868,559.92 |
2020 | 0 | 0.377 | 0.622 | 0.001 | 1,067,989,960.08 | |
2021 | 0 | 0.379 | 0.621 | 0.001 | 1,067,959,640.31 | |
2022 | 0 | 0.318 | 0.681 | 0.001 | 1,064,687,937.30 | |
Rongjun | 2019 | 0.001 | 0.297 | 0.694 | 0.008 | 6,695,068,01.95 |
2020 | 0.001 | 0.3 | 0.687 | 0.012 | 6,717,733,51.38 | |
2021 | 0 | 0.422 | 0.568 | 0.01 | 6,860,031,09.95 | |
2022 | 0.001 | 0.236 | 0.761 | 0.002 | 6,861,598,02.83 |
Year | Farm Name | Kappa | Kappa of Rice | Kappa of Maize | Kappa of Soybeans | Kappa of Wheat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | Yunshan | 0.958 | 0.998 | 0.987 | 0.989 | - |
2020 | Yunshan | 0.949 | 0.974 | 0.937 | 0.929 | - |
2021 | Yunshan | 0.917 | 0.963 | 0.905 | 0.864 | - |
2022 | Yunshan | 0.793 | 0.793 | 0.967 | 0.695 | - |
2019 | Longzhen | 0.989 | - | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.972 |
2020 | Longzhen | 0.875 | - | 0.896 | 0.874 | 0.755 |
2021 | Longzhen | 0.868 | - | 0.913 | 0.860 | 0.827 |
2022 | Longzhen | 0.794 | - | 0.928 | 0.790 | 0.585 |
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He, J.; Zeng, W.; Ao, C.; Xing, W.; Gaiser, T.; Srivastava, A.K. Cross-Regional Crop Classification Based on Sentinel-2. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051084
He J, Zeng W, Ao C, Xing W, Gaiser T, Srivastava AK. Cross-Regional Crop Classification Based on Sentinel-2. Agronomy. 2024; 14(5):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051084
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Jie, Wenzhi Zeng, Chang Ao, Weimin Xing, Thomas Gaiser, and Amit Kumar Srivastava. 2024. "Cross-Regional Crop Classification Based on Sentinel-2" Agronomy 14, no. 5: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051084