Inversion Tillage Combined with Organic Fertilizer Application Increased Maize Yield via Improving Soil Pore Structure and Enzymatic Activity in Haplic Chernozem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Description and Experimental Layout
2.2. Soil Sampling
2.3. Extracellular Enzymatic Stoichiometry
2.4. Maize Yield
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physical Properties
3.2. Soil Chemical Properties
3.3. Activities of Soil Extracellular Enzymes and Enzymatic Stoichiometry
3.4. Maize Yield and Index of Richness in Subsoil
3.5. Relationships between Soil Properties and Maize Yield under the Incorporation of Inversion Tillage and Organic Fertilizer Application
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Incorporation of Inversion Tillage and Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Properties
4.2. Effects of Incorporation of Inversion Tillage and Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Microbial Resource Limitation
4.3. Effects of Soil Properties and Microbial Resource Limitation on Maize Yield
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Layer (cm) | Soil Water Content (%) | Soil Bulk Density g cm3 | Porosity | Anisotropy | Fractal Dimension | Circularity | Euler Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T15 | 0–15 | 22.01 ± 0.11 c | 1.15 ± 0.03 c | 0.57 ± 0.01 bc | 0.35 ± 0.01 a | 2.70 ± 0.02 b | 0.72 ± 0.01 ab | 12,076 ± 605 b |
T15+M | 23.01 ± 0.12 a | 1.14 ± 0.03 c | 0.67 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 c | 2.85 ± 0.07 a | 0.74 ± 0.01 a | 10,078 ± 405 c | |
T35 | 22.03 ± 0.11 c | 1.30 ± 0.02 a | 0.55 ± 0.01 c | 0.36 ± 0.01 a | 2.55 ± 0.04 c | 0.70 ± 0.02 b | 13,557 ± 584 a | |
T35+M | 22.52 ± 0.11 b | 1.23 ± 0.03 b | 0.58 ± 0.01 b | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 2.67 ± 0.03 b | 0.72 ± 0.01 ab | 12,532 ± 382 b | |
T15 | 15–35 | 18.01 ± 0.10 a | 1.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.37 ± 0.01 c | 0.53 ± 0.02 a | 2.40 ± 0.03 b | 0.61 ± 0.01 b | 24,239 ± 608 a |
T15+M | 17.99 ± 0.21 a | 1.35 ± 0.05 a | 0.38 ± 0.01 c | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 2.40 ± 0.03 b | 0.61 ± 0.02 b | 24,146 ± 534 a | |
T35 | 18.06 ± 0.19 a | 1.20 ± 0.02 b | 0.42 ± 0.02 b | 0.75 ± 0.43 a | 2.50 ± 0.07 a | 0.65 ± 0.02 a | 22,201 ± 576 b | |
T35+M | 18.01 ± 0.09 a | 1.13 ± 0.01 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 0.48 ± 0.01 a | 2.44 ± 0.03 ab | 0.66 ± 0.01 a | 21,131 ± 409 c | |
T15 | 0–35 | 19.73 ± 0.10 b | 1.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.46 ± 0.01 c | 0.45 ± 0.01 a | 2.53 ± 0.01 a | 0.66 ± 0.01 b | 19,026 ± 450 a |
T15+M | 20.14 ± 0.16 a | 1.22 ± 0.04 b | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 0.42 ± 0.02 a | 2.59 ± 0.05 a | 0.66 ± 0.02 ab | 18,117 ± 436 b | |
T35 | 19.76 ± 0.14 b | 1.25 ± 0.01 ab | 0.47 ± 0.01 b | 0.58 ± 0.25 a | 2.52 ± 0.05 a | 0.67 ± 0.02 ab | 18,496 ± 265 ab | |
T35+M | 19.94 ± 0.1 ab | 1.17 ± 0.02 c | 0.51 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 2.53 ± 0.03 a | 0.69 ± 0.01 a | 17,445 ± 131 c |
Treatments | Soil Layer (cm) | pH | SOC g kg−1 | TN g kg−1 | TP g kg−1 | TK g kg−1 | AVN mg kg−1 | AVP mg kg−1 | AVK mg kg−1 | DOC mg kg−1 | DON mg kg−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T15 | 0–15 | 7.85 ± 0.06 b | 22.65 ± 0.07 b | 2.31 ± 0.02 b | 0.63 ± 0.01 b | 22.40 ± 0.08 b | 145 ± 2 b | 16.00 ± 0.09 b | 123 ± 2 b | 80 ± 2 c | 15.04 ± 0.27 b |
T15+M | 7.65 ± 0.05 c | 24.44 ± 0.33 a | 2.40 ± 0.06 a | 0.66 ± 0.02 a | 23.62 ± 0.23 a | 165 ± 4 a | 17.55 ± 0.15 a | 130 ± 4 a | 100 ± 2 a | 20.25 ± 0.51 a | |
T35 | 7.96 ± 0.03 a | 21.07 ± 0.16 c | 2.20 ± 0.02 c | 0.60 ± 0.02 c | 21.03 ± 0.78 c | 135 ± 2 c | 14.10 ± 0.38 d | 110 ± 3 c | 72 ± 2 d | 13.03 ± 0.29 c | |
T35+M | 7.85 ± 0.04 b | 22.48 ± 0.24 b | 2.25 ± 0.02 bc | 0.63 ± 0.01 ab | 22.01 ± 0.50 b | 141 ± 3 b | 15.04 ± 0.26 c | 115 ± 4 c | 85 ± 2 b | 15.01 ± 0.23 b | |
T15 | 15–35 | 8.22 ± 0.04 a | 15.23 ± 0.05 c | 1.58 ± 0.03 c | 0.52 ± 0.03 b | 18.54 ± 0.17 c | 107 ± 2 c | 10.62 ± 0.24 c | 92 ± 3 b | 55 ± 1 c | 10.03 ± 0.23 c |
T15+M | 8.20 ± 0.03 a | 15.29 ± 0.06 c | 1.61 ± 0.03 c | 0.52 ± 0.02 b | 18.55 ± 0.22 c | 105 ± 4 c | 10.66 ± 0.24 c | 90 ± 3 b | 55 ± 2 c | 10.11 ± 0.36 c | |
T35 | 8.10 ± 0.02 b | 17.53 ± 0.31 b | 1.75 ± 0.03 b | 0.55 ± 0.01 ab | 19.48 ± 0.39 b | 115 ± 3 b | 12.53 ± 0.23 b | 95 ± 4 ab | 62 ± 2 b | 12.08 ± 0.19 b | |
T35+M | 7.95 ± 0.05 c | 18.01 ± 0.11 a | 1.86 ± 0.02 a | 0.58 ± 0.03 a | 20.00 ± 0.31 a | 126 ± 4 a | 13.52 ± 0.35 a | 100 ± 5 a | 70 ± 2 a | 13.07 ± 0.17 a | |
T15 | 0–35 | 8.06 ± 0.01 a | 18.41 ± 0.05 c | 1.89 ± 0.02 c | 0.57 ± 0.02 b | 20.19 ± 0.12 b | 123 ± 1 b | 12.92 ± 0.12 c | 105 ± 3 a | 66 ± 1 b | 12.18 ± 0.23 c |
T15+M | 7.97 ± 0.03 b | 19.21 ± 0.11 b | 1.94 ± 0.03 b | 0.58 ± 0.01 ab | 20.72 ± 0.16 a | 131 ± 4 a | 13.61 ± 0.15 b | 107 ± 1 a | 74 ± 2 a | 14.46 ± 0.40 a | |
T35 | 8.04 ± 0.02 a | 19.05 ± 0.21 b | 1.94 ± 0.01 b | 0.57 ± 0.01 b | 20.14 ± 0.46 b | 124 ± 3 b | 13.20 ± 0.18 c | 101 ± 2 b | 67 ± 2 b | 12.49 ± 0.23 c | |
T35+M | 7.91 ± 0.04 c | 19.92 ± 0.11 a | 2.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.60 ± 0.01 a | 20.86 ± 0.20 a | 132 ± 1 a | 14.17 ± 0.26 a | 107 ± 1 a | 77 ± 0 a | 13.90 ± 0.08 b |
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Liu, C.; Han, X.; Chen, X.; Yan, J.; Lu, X.; Song, B.; Wang, W.; Zou, W.; Ma, X. Inversion Tillage Combined with Organic Fertilizer Application Increased Maize Yield via Improving Soil Pore Structure and Enzymatic Activity in Haplic Chernozem. Agronomy 2024, 14, 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050927
Liu C, Han X, Chen X, Yan J, Lu X, Song B, Wang W, Zou W, Ma X. Inversion Tillage Combined with Organic Fertilizer Application Increased Maize Yield via Improving Soil Pore Structure and Enzymatic Activity in Haplic Chernozem. Agronomy. 2024; 14(5):927. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050927
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Chunzhu, Xiaozeng Han, Xu Chen, Jun Yan, Xinchun Lu, Bo Song, Wei Wang, Wenxiu Zou, and Xianfa Ma. 2024. "Inversion Tillage Combined with Organic Fertilizer Application Increased Maize Yield via Improving Soil Pore Structure and Enzymatic Activity in Haplic Chernozem" Agronomy 14, no. 5: 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050927