Natural Contamination of Rice with Ustiloxins and the Connection with Climate Conditions in Southern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Samples
2.3. Analytical Method
2.3.1. Extraction
2.3.2. LC-MS/MS Analysis
2.4. Method Performance
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Validation of the Analytical Method
3.2. The Occurrence of Ustiloxins in Paddy Samples
3.3. Correlation among the Contents of Five Ustiloxins in Paddy Samples
3.4. The Ustiloxins Content in Paddy Samples Varied across Geographic Regions
3.5. The Effect of Weather Conditions on Ustiloxin Contamination of Paddy Samples
3.6. Comparison of Our Study with Other Studies
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mycotoxin | Calibration Curve | Correlation Coefficient (r) | LOQ (µg/kg) | LOD (µg/kg) | Matrix Effect (%) | Recovery ± RSD (%) (n = 6) | Intra-Day Precision (%) | Inter-Day Precision (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | A2 | A3 | ||||||||
Ustiloxin A | y = 429.463x + 269.388 | 0.9999 | 8.12 | 2.68 | 30.09 | 96.4 ± 4.8 | 101.9 ± 6.7 | 105.0 ± 5.3 | 4.1 | 10.6 |
Ustiloxin B | y = 936.351x + 2949.53 | 0.9998 | 0.82 | 0.27 | 78.30 | 85.1 ± 5.4 | 81.9 ± 7.7 | 91.2 ± 7.8 | 4.3 | 9.9 |
Ustiloxin C | y = 366.019x + 545.535 | 0.9997 | 16.50 | 4.95 | 46.76 | 88.0 ± 7.4 | 86.2 ± 4.0 | 84.1 ± 6.4 | 3.9 | 8.3 |
Ustiloxin D | y = 8775.77x − 137.548 | 0.9999 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 8.96 | 81.1 ± 7.3 | 94.5 ± 6.8 | 93.8 ± 7.9 | 1.3 | 2.7 |
Ustiloxin F | y = 8614.85x + 858.712 | 0.9998 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 32.64 | 90.4 ± 5.9 | 93.0 ± 5.8 | 91.5 ± 3.8 | 3.5 | 4.8 |
Mycotoxin | No. of Positive/No. of Total Samples | Percentage of Positive Samples (%) | Mean of Positive Samples (µg/kg) | SD (µg/kg) | Min (µg/kg) | Max (µg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ustiloxin A | 167/300 | 55.7 | 177.8 | 388.7 | 4.2 | 3620.9 |
Ustiloxin B | 124/300 | 41.3 | 41.8 | 89.5 | 1.6 | 693.7 |
Ustiloxin C | 87/300 | 29.0 | 72.0 | 114.5 | 5.4 | 903.9 |
Ustiloxin D | 281/300 | 93.7 | 20.6 | 39.6 | 0.2 | 222.5 |
Ustiloxin F | 290/300 | 96.7 | 17.8 | 34.8 | 0.1 | 179.2 |
Total ustiloxins | 296/300 | 98.7 | 175.8 | 485.7 | 0.27 | 5520.7 |
July | August | September | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Precipitation/mm | Air Temperature/°C | Air Humidity/% | Mean Precipitation/mm | Air Temperature/°C | Air Humidity/% | Mean Precipitation/mm | Air Temperature/°C | Air Humidity/% | |
Mean concentrations of ustiloxins/µg/kg | 0.370 * | −0.185 NS | 0.399 * | 0.598 ** | −0.292 NS | 0.361 NS | 0.159 NS | −0.246 NS | 0.394 * |
The incidence of ustiloxins/% | 0.367 * | −0.363 * | 0.492 ** | 0.507 ** | −0.426 * | 0.435 * | 0.200 NS | −0.406 * | 0.472 ** |
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Miao, X.; Miao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Tao, S.; Zheng, H.; Kuang, N.; Wang, J.; Tang, Q. Natural Contamination of Rice with Ustiloxins and the Connection with Climate Conditions in Southern China. Agronomy 2024, 14, 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050976
Miao X, Miao Y, Liu Y, Tao S, Zheng H, Kuang N, Wang J, Tang Q. Natural Contamination of Rice with Ustiloxins and the Connection with Climate Conditions in Southern China. Agronomy. 2024; 14(5):976. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050976
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiao, Xuexue, Ying Miao, Yang Liu, Shuhua Tao, Huabin Zheng, Na Kuang, Jiemin Wang, and Qiyuan Tang. 2024. "Natural Contamination of Rice with Ustiloxins and the Connection with Climate Conditions in Southern China" Agronomy 14, no. 5: 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050976