Elemental Analysis of Five Medicinal Plants Species Growing in North Ossetia Using Neutron Activation Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Neutron Activation Analysis
2.3. Data Evaluation
2.3.1. Contamination and Enrichment Factors
2.3.2. Transfer Factor
2.3.3. Daily Intake of Metal
2.3.4. Health Risk Index (HRI)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Elements Content in Medicinal Plants
3.2. Elemental Content of Soils
3.3. Metal Transfer from Soil in Plants
3.4. Principal Component and Discriminant Analyses
3.5. Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Site Name | Latitude | Longitude | Species | Shorthand | Short Name | Soil Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Zamankul | 43.359769 | 44.432536 | Mentha longifolia | 1.1 | Brook-mint | ordinary chernozems |
Origanum vulgare | 1.2 | oregano | ordinary chernozems | ||||
2 | Koban | 42.9278 | 44.42503 | Mentha longifolia | 2.1 | Brook-mint | brown mountain-wood |
Hypеricum perforаtum | 2.2 | St. John’s wort | alpine-meadow | ||||
Oríganum vulgare | 2.3 | oregano | brown mountain-wood | ||||
3 | Dargavs | 42.81393 | 44.42507 | Mentha longifolia | 3.1 | Brook-mint | alpine-meadow |
Thymus daghestanicus | 3.2 | thyme | alpine-meadow | ||||
Hypеricum perforаtum | 3.3 | St. John’s wort | brown mountain-wood | ||||
Oríganum vulgare | 3.4 | oregano | alpine-meadow | ||||
Chamaenerion angustifolium | 3.5 | fireweed | alpine-meadow | ||||
4 | Mountain Saniba | 42.836477 | 44.527862 | Mentha longifolia | 4 | Brook-mint | alluvial |
5 | Ahsau | 42.95672 | 43.72495 | Mentha longifolia | 5 | Brook-mint | mountain-wood |
6 | Popov khutor | 42.970175 | 44.630214 | Mentha longifolia | 6 | Brook-mint | brown mountain-wood |
7 | Karjin | 43.277963 | 44.289759 | Thymus daghestanicus | 7 | thyme | ordinary chernozems |
8 | Nar | 42.687258 | 44.001003 | Thymus daghestanicus | 8.1 | thyme | alpine-meadow |
Hypеricum perforаtum | 8.2 | St. John’s wort | alpine-meadow | ||||
9 | Chemy | 42.835549 | 44.629982 | Thymus daghestanicus | 9.1 | thyme | alpine-meadow |
Hypеricum perforаtum | 9.2 | St. John’s wort | alpine-meadow | ||||
10 | Hidikus | 42.80478 | 44.2377 | Thymus daghestanicus | 10.1 | thyme | alpine-meadow |
Chamaenerion angustifolium | 10.2 | fireweed | alpine-meadow | ||||
11 | Digoria | 42.88327 | 43.59385 | Thymus daghestanicus | 11 | thyme | brown forest |
12 | Upper Dzuarikau | 42.843854 | 44.326609 | Hypеricum perforаtum | 12.1 | St. John’s wort | alpine-meadow |
Oríganum vulgare | 12.2 | oregano | alpine-meadow | ||||
Thymus daghestanicus | 12.3 | thyme | alpine-meadow | ||||
13 | Suargom | 42.82717 | 44.60466 | Chamaenerion angustifolium | 13 | fireweed | humus-carbonate |
Brook-Mint | Oregano | St. John’s Wort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD |
Na | 134.0–545.0 | 285 ± 198 | 82–179 | 134.8 ± 34.5 | 41–229 | 89.7 ± 78.5 |
Mg | 2967–4529 | 3520 ± 543 | 1990–3277 | 2734 ± 500 | 1229–2966 | 2196 ± 680 |
Al | 470–3040 | 1185 ± 989 | 276–939 | 614 ± 235 | 78–1070 | 375 ± 395 |
K | 19,400–49,500 | 33,750 ± 10,487 | 21,700–30,900 | 26,580 ± 3887 | 12,800–27,300 | 16,220 ± 6210 |
Ca | 13,700–20,000 | 16,550 ± 2550 | 10,100–17,000 | 1352 ± 28,230 | 5400–13,600 | 8076 ± 3347 |
Sc | 0.11–0.77 | 0.29 ± 0.25 | 0.08–0.21 | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.02–0.30 | 0.10 ± 0.12 |
V | 0.71–3.80 | 1.63 ± 1.21 | 0.45–1.26 | 0.91 ± 0.32 | 0.34–1.70 | 0.74 ± 0.65 |
Mn | 36.6–117.0 | 60.8 ± 28 | 33.4–49.0 | 42.6 ± 6.2 | 27.8–190 | 100.4 ± 65 |
Fe | 339–2080 | 829 ± 680 | 269–591. | 444.6 ± 121 | 54.0–798 | 269.8 ± 300 |
Co | 0.18–0.78 | 0.39 ± 0.3 | 0.19–0.28 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.17–1.73 | 0.59 ± 0.64 |
Ni | 2.3–4.1 | 3.17 ± 0.9 | 1.44–4.7 | 2.56 ± 1.88 | 0.82–4.7 | 2.98 ± 1.66 |
Zn | 26.1–142 | 55.3 ± 44 | 46–101 | 78.9 ± 22 | 48.0–87 | 64.8 ± 17 |
As | 0.1–0.69 | 0.34 ± 0.21 | 0.08–0.92 | 0.30 ± 0.35 | 0.05–0.36 | 0.13 ± 0.13 |
Rb | 2.3–37 | 12.9 ± 12.5 | 5.0–19.0 | 10.1 ± 5.9 | 2.5–87.0 | 22.2 ± 36 |
Sr | 26.3–116 | 65.7 ± 31 | 19.2–80 | 53.9 ± 26 | 8.4–79.0 | 39.2 ± 26 |
Mo | 0.45–4.9 | 2.49 ± 1.78 | 0.29–2.9 | 1.58 ± 1.1 | 0.16–3.40 | 1.30 ± 1.5 |
Sb | 0.02–0.26 | 0.08 ± 0.09 | 0.02–0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.02–0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.03 |
Cs | 0.05–0.32 | 0.14 ± 0.11 | 0.04–0.12 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.03–0.38 | 0.13 ± 0.15 |
Ba | 23.2–78 | 39.5 ± 19.7 | 19.2–59 | 30.9 ± 16 | 5.4–79.0 | 29.9 ± 22 |
La | 0.40–1.46 | 0.87 ± 0.54 | 0.19–0.45 | 0.33 ± 0.1 | 0.08–0.63 | 0.24 ± 0.26 |
Sm | 0.05–0.28 | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.03–0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.01–0.13 | 0.04 ± 0.05 |
Th | 0.08–0.61 | 0.22 ± 0.2 | 0.05–0.14 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.03–0.21 | 0.08 ± 0.09 |
U | 0.02–0.15 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.01–0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01–0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
Thyme | Fireweed | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | RP | |
Na | 73–219 | 139.5 ± 56 | 42.9–102 | 64 ± 25 | 150 |
Mg | 2422–3986 | 3067 ± 700 | 702–3616 | 2221 ± 1192 | 2000 |
Al | 192–1270 | 612 ± 400 | 150–396 | 260 ± 126 | 80 |
K | 9870–34,500 | 2187 ± 9340 | 9438–19,400 | 15,084 ± 5050 | 19,000 |
Ca | 7300–14,900 | 11,566 ± 2671 | 2671–12,200 | 8167 ± 4050 | 10,000 |
Sc | 0.06–0.3 | 0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.03–0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.02 |
V | 0.39–1.85 | 0.97 ± 0.52 | 0.18–0.55 | 0.35 ± 0.2 | 0.5 |
Mn | 42–148 | 83 ± 39 | 39.2–96 | 64.2 ± 24 | 200 |
Fe | 233–890 | 449 ± 260 | 153–278 | 215 ± 63 | 150 |
Co | 0.16–0.42 | 0.27 ± 0.1 | 0.10–0.14 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.2 |
Ni | 1.76–3.8 | 2.83 ± 0.89 | 0.89–2.05 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.5 |
Zn | 40–74 | 56 ± 13 | 12.8–31.4 | 21.3 ± 7.8 | 50 |
As | 0.07–0.59 | 0.23 ± 0.2 | 0.05–0.2 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.1 |
Rb | 4.1–32 | 11.8 ± 10.3 | 4.6–10.3 | 7.8 ± 2.4 | 50 |
Sr | 47–89 | 67.3 ± 14 | 14.0–59 | 40 ± 18 | 50 |
Mo | 0.15–2.5 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.1–0.8 | 0.413735 | 0.5 |
Sb | 0.03–0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.003 | 0.1 |
Cs | 0.05–0.13 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.03–0.09 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.2 |
Ba | 8.5–104 | 53.8 ± 35 | 6.7–35 | 15.6 ± 13 | 40 |
La | 0.15–0.74 | 0.38 ± 0.24 | 0.09–0.24 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.2 |
Sm | 0.03–0.13 | 0.070 ± 0.03 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 |
Th | 0.05–0.27 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.02–0.8 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.005 |
U | 0.01–0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.01 |
Element | Min | Max | Mean | Med | SD | MAC | UCC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | 7200 | 28,000 | 11,186 | 9190 | 5005.7 | 24,259 | |
Mg | 10,685.32 | 30,400 | 20,427 | 21,400 | 6044.9 | 14,957 | |
Al | 62,000 | 95,000 | 79,176 | 82,000 | 11,424.2 | 81,505 | |
Si | 156,000 | 350,000 | 242,000 | 231,000 | 51,085.7 | 313,315 | |
K | 13,300 | 28,700 | 21,904 | 22,100 | 4447.0 | 23,244 | |
Ca | 3100 | 66,100 | 11,657 | 7600 | 13,108.9 | 25,568 | |
Sc | 6.72 | 20.2 | 14 | 15.3 | 3.5 | 14 | |
Ti | 2070 | 5900 | 4532 | 4600 | 940.9 | 383 | |
V | 28 | 166 | 113 | 120 | 30.7 | 150 | 97 |
Cr | 28.3 | 107 | 81 | 89 | 22.6 | 100 | 92 |
Mn | 168 | 3030 | 972 | 831 | 594.8 | 1500 | 774 |
Fe | 16,300 | 53,000 | 40,892 | 41,000 | 9286.0 | 39,176 | |
Co | 4.7 | 28 | 15 | 15 | 5.3 | 50 | 17 |
Ni | 8.4 | 80 | 43 | 43.9 | 16.4 | 80 | 47 |
Zn | 64 | 224 | 131 | 125 | 45.5 | 23 | 67 |
As | 6.3 | 88 | 30 | 23.9 | 18.8 | 2 | 4.8 |
Rb | 65 | 162 | 118 | 120 | 23.2 | 84 | |
Sr | 72 | 243 | 122 | 98 | 45.1 | 320 | |
Zr | 149 | 273 | 204 | 204 | 25.5 | 193 | |
Mo | 0.72 | 3.44 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.5 | 0.07 | 1.1 |
Sb | 0.51 | 6 | 2 | 1.51 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 0.4 |
Cs | 3.54 | 11.7 | 8 | 7.9 | 2.5 | 4.9 | |
Ba | 304 | 680 | 446 | 427 | 87.1 | 628 | |
La | 20.1 | 43.7 | 34 | 35.6 | 6.6 | 31 | |
Ce | 40 | 88 | 69 | 72 | 13.5 | 63 | |
Nd | 16.6 | 39 | 31 | 32 | 6.8 | 27 | |
Sm | 3.2 | 7.8 | 6 | 6.55 | 1.2 | 4.7 | |
Eu | 0.71 | 1.77 | 1 | 1.34 | 0.3 | 1 | |
Tb | 0.427 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.85 | 0.2 | 0.7 | |
Yb | 1.24 | 4.1 | 3 | 2.92 | 0.7 | 2 | |
Lu | 0.18 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.44 | 0.1 | 0.31 | |
Hf | 3.22 | 7.1 | 5 | 5.4 | 0.8 | 5.3 | |
Ta | 0.55 | 1.33 | 1 | 0.96 | 0.2 | 0.9 | |
W | 0.88 | 5.7 | 2 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.9 | |
Th | 6.4 | 16.6 | 12 | 12.7 | 2.7 | 10.5 | |
U | 1.8 | 63 | 5 | 2.9 | 12.0 | 2.7 |
DIM | HRI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
№ | Location | Ni | Zn | As | Sb | Ni | Zn | As | Sb | |
1 | Zamankul | 1.1 | 2.82 × 10−2 | 5.81 × 10−5 | 1.25 × 10−5 | 9.4 × 10−2 | 1.9 × 10−1 | 4.2 × 10−3 | ||
1.2 | 2.70 × 10−2 | 8.51 × 10−5 | 2.41 × 10−5 | 9.0 × 10−2 | 2.8 × 10−1 | 8.0 × 10−3 | ||||
2 | Koban | 2.1 | 8.45 × 10−4 | 5.93 × 10−2 | 1.34 × 10−4 | 3.29 × 10−5 | 4.2 × 10−2 | 2.0 × 10−1 | 4.5 × 10−1 | 1.1 × 10−3 |
2.2 | 1.35 × 10−3 | 1.76 × 10−2 | 1.24 × 10−4 | 2.11 × 10−5 | 6.8 × 10−2 | 5.9 × 10−2 | 4.1 × 10−1 | 7.0 × 10−3 | ||
2.3 | 4.81 × 10−3 | 3.16 × 10−2 | 4.76 × 10−5 | 1.16 × 10−5 | 2.4 × 10−2 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 1.6 × 10−1 | 3.9 × 10−3 | ||
3 | Dargavs | 3.1 | 2.76 × 10−3 | 4.08 × 10−2 | 4.93 × 10−5 | 1.46 × 10−5 | 1.4 × 10−1 | 1.4 × 10−1 | 1.6 × 10−1 | 4.9 × 10−3 |
3.2 | 1.82 × 10−3 | 1.53 × 10−2 | 1.29 × 10−4 | 2.35 × 10−5 | 9.1 × 10−2 | 5.1 × 10−2 | 4.3 × 10−1 | 7.8 × 10−3 | ||
3.3 | 2.76 × 10−3 | 5.11 × 10−2 | 4.93 × 10−5 | 1.06 × 10−5 | 1.4 × 10−1 | 1.7 × 10−1 | 1.6 × 10−1 | 3.5 × 10−3 | ||
3.4 | 2.23 × 10−3 | 2.74 × 10−2 | 6.16 × 10−5 | 1.76 × 10−5 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 9.1 × 10−2 | 2.1 × 10−1 | 5.9 × 10−3 | ||
3.5 | 1.20 × 10−3 | 1.10 × 10−2 | 2.82 × 10−5 | 8.22 × 10−6 | 6.0 × 10−2 | 3.7 × 10−2 | 9.4 × 10−2 | 2.7 × 10−3 | ||
4 | Mountain Saniba | 4 | 2.99 × 10−2 | 2.76 × 10−4 | 4.23 × 10−5 | 1.0 × 10−1 | 9.2 × 10−1 | 1.4 × 10−3 | ||
5 | Ahsau | 5 | 2.41 × 10−3 | 2.05 × 10−2 | 4.05 × 10−4 | 4.17 × 10−5 | 1.2 × 10−1 | 6.8 × 10−2 | 1.4 | 1.4 × 10−2 |
6 | Popov khutor | 6 | 8.34 × 10−2 | 2.00 × 10−4 | 1.53 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−1 | 6.7 × 10−1 | 5.1 × 10−2 | ||
7 | Karjin | 7 | 4.34 × 10−2 | 4.34 × 10−5 | 1.91 × 10−5 | 1.4 × 10−1 | 1.4 × 10−1 | 6.4 × 10−3 | ||
8 | Nar | 8.1 | 1.91 × 10−3 | 2.35 × 10−2 | 9.28 × 10−5 | 3.35 × 10−5 | 9.6 × 10−2 | 7.8 × 10−2 | 3.1 × 10−1 | 1.1 × 10−2 |
8.2 | 1.57 × 10−3 | 2.82 × 10−2 | 5.17 × 10−5 | 2.15 × 10−5 | 7.9 × 10−2 | 9.4 × 10−2 | 1.7 × 10−1 | 7.2 × 10−3 | ||
9 | Chemy | 9.1 | 3.29 × 10−2 | 2.11 × 10−4 | 4.70 × 10−5 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 7.0 × 10−1 | 1.6 × 10−2 | ||
9.2 | 3.17 × 10−2 | 6.16 × 10−5 | 2.05 × 10−5 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 2.1 × 10−1 | 6.8 × 10−3 | ||||
10 | Hidikus | 10.1 | 1.03 × 10−3 | 3.42 × 10−2 | 3.46 × 10−5 | 3.58 × 10−5 | 5.2 × 10−2 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 1.2 | 1.2 × 10−2 |
10.2 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 1.84 × 10−2 | 8.57 × 10−5 | 5.8 × 10−2 | 6.1 × 10−2 | 2.9 × 10−3 | ||||
11 | Digoria | 11 | 8.98 × 10−4 | 4.99 × 10−2 | 6.40 × 10−5 | 1.24 × 10−5 | 4.5 × 10−2 | 1.7 × 10−1 | 2.1 × 10−1 | 4.1 × 10−3 |
12.1 | 2.17 × 10−3 | 4.64 × 10−2 | 2.76 × 10−5 | 8.98 × 10−5 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 1.5 × 10−1 | 9.2 × 10−2 | 3.0 × 10−3 | ||
12.2 | 1.47 × 10−3 | 4.02 × 10−2 | 2.26 × 10−4 | 3.17 × 10−5 | 7.3 × 10−2 | 1.3 × 10−1 | 7.5 × 10−1 | 1.1 × 10−2 | ||
12 | Upper Dzuarikau | 12.3 | 5.46 × 10−2 | 5.40 × 10−4 | 3.52 × 10−5 | 1.8 × 10−1 | 1.8 | 1.2 × 10−2 | ||
13 | Suargom | 13 | 8.63 × 10−4 | 1.31 × 10−2 | 8.10 × 10−5 | 1.26 × 10−5 | 4.3 × 10−2 | 4.4 × 10−2 | 2.7 × 10−1 | 4.2 × 10−3 |
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Lavrinenko, Y.; Plieva, A.; Chaligava, O.; Grozdov, D.; Frontasyeva, M.; Tkachenko, K.; Zinicovscaia, I. Elemental Analysis of Five Medicinal Plants Species Growing in North Ossetia Using Neutron Activation Analysis. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061269
Lavrinenko Y, Plieva A, Chaligava O, Grozdov D, Frontasyeva M, Tkachenko K, Zinicovscaia I. Elemental Analysis of Five Medicinal Plants Species Growing in North Ossetia Using Neutron Activation Analysis. Agronomy. 2024; 14(6):1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061269
Chicago/Turabian StyleLavrinenko, Yulia, Anna Plieva, Omari Chaligava, Dmitrii Grozdov, Marina Frontasyeva, Kirill Tkachenko, and Inga Zinicovscaia. 2024. "Elemental Analysis of Five Medicinal Plants Species Growing in North Ossetia Using Neutron Activation Analysis" Agronomy 14, no. 6: 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061269