Balancing Yield and Environmental Impact: Nitrogen Management and Planting Density for Rice in Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Soil Properties
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatment Management
2.3. Plant Sampling and Analysis
2.4. Soil Sampling and Analysis
2.5. Greenhouse Gas Sampling and Measurements
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Precipitation and Temperature
3.2. Rice Productivity and Yield Components
3.3. Nitrogen Use Efficiency
3.4. Seasonal Pattern and Cumulative GHG Emissions
3.5. Relationships of GHG Emissions with Resource Use Efficiency
3.6. Soil Properties among the Treatments
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of N Management and Planting Density on Rice Yield and N Use Efficiency
4.2. Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
4.3. Global Warming Potential and Greenhouse Gas Intensity
4.4. Relationship between Resource Use Efficiency and GHG Emissions
4.5. Effects of Fertilization and Planting Density on Soil Properties
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yield (kg ha−1) | N Concentration (mg g−1) | NHI (%) | N Uptake (kg N ha−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grain | DMA | Grain | Straw | ||||
Treatment | CK | 9317 d | 8476 b | 9.63 b | 5.10 c | 0.64 a | 120.50 d |
N1D1 | 9959 c | 10,228 a | 11.00 a | 5.87 b | 0.61 ab | 154.71 bc | |
N1D2 | 10,452 a | 10,226 a | 11.32 a | 6.42 a | 0.61 ab | 167.86 a | |
N2D1 | 10,296 ab | 10,046 a | 11.16 a | 6.26 a | 0.61ab | 162.12 ab | |
N2D2 | 10,153 bc | 9744 a | 9.97 b | 6.34 a | 0.58 b | 148.75 c | |
Year | 2017 | 10,254 a | 10,278 a | 11.20 a | 6.58 a | 0.59 a | 167.05 a |
2018 | 9615 b | 9285 b | 9.89 b | 5.52 c | 0.62 a | 133.21 c | |
2019 | 10,237 a | 9669 ab | 10.76 a | 5.90 b | 0.62 a | 152.11 b | |
Nitrogen | N0 | 9317 b | 8476 b | 9.63 b | 5.10 a | 0.64 a | 120.50 a |
N1 | 10,206 a | 10,227 a | 11.16 a | 6.15 b | 0.61 ab | 161.29 b | |
N2 | 10,224 a | 9895 a | 10.57 a | 6.30 b | 0.60 b | 155.44 b | |
Density | D1 | 10,128 a | 10,137 a | 11.08 a | 6.06 b | 0.61 a | 158.42 a |
D2 | 10,303 a | 9985 a | 10.65 a | 6.38 a | 0.60 a | 158.31 a | |
Statistical analysis | |||||||
Year (Y) | *** | NS | *** | *** | NS | *** | |
Nitrogen (N) | * | * | * | NS | NS | * | |
Density (D) | NS | NS | NS | ** | NS | NS | |
Y× N | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | |
Y × D | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
N × D | ** | NS | * | * | NS | *** | |
Y × N × D | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Panicle Number (m−2) | Spikelet Number (Per Panicle) | 1000-Grains Weight (g) | Grain-Filling Percentage (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | CK | 160.74 c | 52.11 a | 28.52 b | 80.50 a |
N1D1 | 162.31 c | 51.78 a | 29.36 a | 78.58 a | |
N1D2 | 202.30 a | 46.89 a | 29.09 a | 79.90 a | |
N2D1 | 164.91 c | 45.56 a | 29.38 a | 78.21 a | |
N2D2 | 186.45 ab | 48.00 a | 29.30 a | 79.23 a | |
Year | 2017 | 189.09 a | 42.53 b | 28.56 b | 77.71 a |
2018 | 173.55 ab | 48.87 ab | 29.23 a | 81.26 a | |
2019 | 163.38 b | 55.20 a | 29.61 a | 78.89 a | |
Nitrogen | N0 | 160.74 c | 52.11 a | 28.52 b | 80.50 a |
N1 | 182.31 a | 49.33 a | 29.23 a | 79.24 a | |
N2 | 175.68 b | 46.78 b | 29.34 a | 78.72 a | |
Density | D1 | 163.61 b | 48.67 a | 29.37 a | 78.39 a |
D2 | 194.37 a | 47.44 a | 29.20 a | 79.57 a | |
Statistical analysis | |||||
Year (Y) | NS | * | ** | NS | |
Nitrogen (N) | * | NS | * | NS | |
Density (D) | ** | NS | NS | NS | |
Y× N | NS | NS | ** | NS | |
Y × D | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
N × D | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
Y × N × D | NS | NS | NS | NS |
NAE (kg kg−1) | NUE (kg kg−1) | PFPN (kg kg−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N1D1 | 6.14 b | 55.88 ab | 55.33 c |
N1D2 | 8.88 a | 54.15 b | 58.07 b | |
N2D1 | 10.02 a | 55.25 ab | 71.50 a | |
N2D2 | 9.03 a | 58.99 a | 70.51 a | |
Year | 2017 | 9.90 a | 51.55 c | 65.23 a |
2018 | 5.97 b | 60.49 a | 61.30 b | |
2019 | 9.68 a | 56.17 b | 65.01 a | |
Nitrogen | N1 | 7.51 b | 55.02 b | 56.70 b |
N2 | 8.79 a | 59.00 a | 70.27 a | |
Density | D1 | 8.08 a | 55.57 a | 63.41 a |
D2 | 8.96 a | 56.57 a | 64.29 a | |
Statistical analysis | ||||
Year (Y) | *** | *** | *** | |
Nitrogen (N) | ** | * | *** | |
Density (D) | NS | NS | NS | |
Y× N | NS | NS | NS | |
Y × D | NS | NS | NS | |
N × D | ** | * | ** | |
Y × N × D | NS | NS | NS |
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Guo, S.; Yu, H.; Zeng, X.; Shangguan, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Li, X.; Liu, Z.; He, M.; Luo, X.; Ouyang, Y.; et al. Balancing Yield and Environmental Impact: Nitrogen Management and Planting Density for Rice in Southwest China. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081843
Guo S, Yu H, Zeng X, Shangguan Y, Zhou Z, Li X, Liu Z, He M, Luo X, Ouyang Y, et al. Balancing Yield and Environmental Impact: Nitrogen Management and Planting Density for Rice in Southwest China. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081843
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Song, Hua Yu, Xiangzhong Zeng, Yuxian Shangguan, Zijun Zhou, Xuyi Li, Zhigang Liu, Mingjiang He, Xing Luo, Yiting Ouyang, and et al. 2024. "Balancing Yield and Environmental Impact: Nitrogen Management and Planting Density for Rice in Southwest China" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081843