Effects of Composted Straw, Biochar, and Polyacrylamide Addition on Soil Permeability and Dynamic Leaching Characteristics of Pollutants in Loessial Soil in Urban Greenbelts According to Indoor Simulation Experiments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Experimental Process
2.2.1. Soil–Laboratory Incubation Test
2.2.2. Dynamic Leaching
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Effects of Amendment Materials on the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Saturated Water Content, and Bulk Density of Green Spaces
3.2. Dynamic Leaching Characteristics of Pollutants
3.3. Analysis of the Contribution Rates of Different Factors of Improved Green Space Adsorption Capacity
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Different Materials on Soil Water Conductivity and Water Retention Performance
4.2. The Effects of Different Materials on the Dynamic Leaching of Soil Pollutants
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Bulk Density (g·cm−3) | pH | Specific Surface Area (m2·g−1) | Maximum Water Capacity (%) | Organic Carbon (%) | TN (%) | TP (g·kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decomposed straw | 0.50 | 8.13 | 17.62 | 205.1 | 24.1 | 1.98 | 13.4 |
Biochar | 0.16 | 9.72 | 29.97 | 861.6 | 51.5 | 1.27 | 4.37 |
Treatment | Soil (kg·m−3) | Sand (kg·m−3) | Composted Straw (kg·m−3) | Biochar (kg·m−3) | PAM (L·m−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSJ | 560 | 624 | 100 | 76 | |
SSBJ | 560 | 624 | 50 | 16 | 76 |
SSS | 560 | 624 | 32 | 76 |
Total Nitrogen (TN) | Total Phosphorus (TP) | Chemical Oxygen Demand COD | Cu | Zn | Cd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (mg·L−1) | 8 | 2 | 300 | 2.25 | 30 | 1.5 |
Water distribution reagent | KNO3 | KH2PO4 | C6H12O6 | CuCl2 | ZnSO4 | CdCl2 |
Flow Load (a) | Set Water Collection Time (min) | Flow Rate (L·min−1) |
---|---|---|
Low inflow loading | 100 | 0.018 |
High inflow loading | 100 | 0.024 |
Treatment | Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (m·d−1) | Bulk Density (g·cm−3) | Saturated Water Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|
SSJ | 3.69 ± 0.75 | 1.25 ± 0.03 | 39.65 ± 1.90 |
SSB | 3.53 ± 0.68 | 1.22 ± 0.04 | 39.64 ± 0.97 |
SSBJ | 3.79 ± 0.44 | 1.24 ± 0.01 | 35.72 ± 1.25 |
N | P | COD | Cu | Zn | Cd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSJ | low | low | low | medium | low | low |
SSB | high | high | high | high | medium | medium |
SSBJ | medium | medium | medium | high | high | high |
N | P | COD | Cu | Zn | Cd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified material | 6.96% ** | 84.15% ** | 9.47% ** | 49.5% ** | 22.41% ** | 6.2% ** |
Percolation depth | 31.29% ** | 0.56% ** | 33.08% ** | −0.04% | 0.15% | 34.96% ** |
Leaching time | 9.13% ** | 1.39% ** | 12.03% ** | 2.12% ** | 3.36% | 7.13% ** |
Flow load | 3.02% ** | 0.4% ** | 0.44% ** | 18.36% ** | 22.26% ** | 2.77% ** |
Modified material × percolation depth | 11.02% ** | 0.95% ** | 2.07% ** | −0.28% | 0.87% | 19.23% ** |
Modified material × leaching time | 2.6% ** | 4.21% ** | 1.02% ** | 0.03% | 3% | 3.69% ** |
Modified material × flow load | 4.47% ** | 1.03% ** | 20.14 %** | 5.11% ** | 29.42% ** | 3.58% ** |
Percolation depth × leaching time | 9.87% ** | 0.41% ** | 4.88% ** | −0.05% | 1.24% | 5.37% ** |
Percolation depth × flow load | 4.46% ** | 0.05% ** | 0.57% ** | 0.05% | 0.16% | 0.94% ** |
Leaching time × flow load | 0.7% ** | 0.4% ** | 0.2% ** | 0.43% | 2.86% | 0.28% ** |
Modified material × percolation depth × leaching time | 3.78% ** | 2.36% ** | 2.15% ** | −1.33% | 2.28% | 5.08% ** |
Modified material × percolation depth × flow load | 6.64% ** | 1.74% ** | 8.01% ** | −0.20% | 1.05% | 2.98% ** |
Modified material × leaching time × flow load | 1.65% ** | 0.43% ** | 2.83% ** | 0.37% | 3% | 1.76% ** |
Percolation depth × leaching time × flow load | 1.53% ** | 0.28% ** | 0.26% ** | −0.05% | 1.17% | 0.96% ** |
Modified material × percolation depth × leaching time × flow load | 2.54% ** | 0.97% ** | 1.79% ** | −1.25% | 2.26% | 2.95% ** |
Error | 0.34% ** | 0.68% ** | 1.04% ** | 27.05% | 4.49% | 2.18% ** |
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Wang, C.; Zhao, Y.; Hao, S.; Chen, J.; Chen, S.; Liu, J.; Liu, H.; Zhu, X.; Li, X.; Zhang, A. Effects of Composted Straw, Biochar, and Polyacrylamide Addition on Soil Permeability and Dynamic Leaching Characteristics of Pollutants in Loessial Soil in Urban Greenbelts According to Indoor Simulation Experiments. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091958
Wang C, Zhao Y, Hao S, Chen J, Chen S, Liu J, Liu H, Zhu X, Li X, Zhang A. Effects of Composted Straw, Biochar, and Polyacrylamide Addition on Soil Permeability and Dynamic Leaching Characteristics of Pollutants in Loessial Soil in Urban Greenbelts According to Indoor Simulation Experiments. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091958
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Chenguang, Yikai Zhao, Shan Hao, Jiayong Chen, Shao Chen, Jiaojiao Liu, Helei Liu, Xinyu Zhu, Xueyan Li, and Afeng Zhang. 2024. "Effects of Composted Straw, Biochar, and Polyacrylamide Addition on Soil Permeability and Dynamic Leaching Characteristics of Pollutants in Loessial Soil in Urban Greenbelts According to Indoor Simulation Experiments" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091958