Soil Characteristics and Response Mechanism of the Microbial Community in a Coal–Grain Compound Area with High Groundwater Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Sampling
2.3. Determination of Soil Characteristics
2.4. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification
2.5. Statistical Analysis and Processing
3. Results
3.1. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Ecosystem Services
3.2. Differences in Microbial Species Diversity
3.3. Differences in Soil Microbial Community Composition
3.4. The Relationship between Soil Microbial Community and Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Subsidence and Water Accumulation Impact on Soil Properties and Microbial Community Composition
4.2. Soil Properties Impact on Microbial Communities Composition in Subsidence Areas
4.3. Soil Properties Impact on Microbial Dominant Population in Subsidence Areas
4.4. Inspiration for Precise Reclamation of Mineral-Grain Composite Area
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Soil properties and microbial community structure exhibit significant variations across different regions in coal mining subsidence areas with high levels of disturbance. The levels of TN, TP, SOM, and bacterial and fungal diversity in the soil all decline to different extents in areas affected by coal mining subsidence. The distance from the water logging area follows a pattern of initially decreasing and then increasing, with the lowest levels seen in SSP. The soil in the coal mining subsidence area with a high water table is degraded by groundwater and lateral seepage, whereas the soil surrounding the subsidence water area is located at the base of the subsidence slope and is influenced by sedimentation. The presence of coal mining subsidence and water accumulation greatly affects the properties of the surrounding soil.
- (2)
- There are significant disparities in soil properties and microbial community composition between non-waterlogged and waterlogged areas in coal mining subsidence zones with a high water table. The nutrient level and stability of the microbial community structure in coal mining subsidence areas are generally low. However, the SSP shows the lowest level, while the PSP exhibits some improvement. This improvement helps to maintain a high level of soil nutrients and microorganisms, enabling the establishment of a stable wetland habitat. Developing biodiversity and enhancing soil ecosystem stability in areas affected by high-intensity coal mining subsidence is an effective land use strategy.
- (3)
- The presence of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in bacteria, and Mortierellomycota, Rozellomycota, and Basidiomycota in fungi, differed significantly from the control group (CK) in the coal mining subsidence area. This suggests that the soil microbial communities in the subsidence area were significantly disrupted. It is important to take into account the introduction of these microorganisms during the later reclamation.
- (4)
- The correlation between soil bacterial and fungal diversity, as well as their important populations, and soil properties varied to different extents. The alteration of the microbial community was mostly influenced by soil nutrients and soil water content (SWC).
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Area | TN (g kg−1) | TP (g kg−1) | SOM (g kg−1) | AN (mg kg−1) | AP (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 1.368 ± 0.222 a | 1.473 ± 0.548 a | 19.6 ± 4.114 ab | 102.889 ± 21.991 a | 42.667 ± 31.312 a |
PWSA | 1.319 ± 0.136 ab | 1.12 ± 0.114 b | 21.356 ± 1.994 a | 69.444 ± 14.8 b | 19.511 ± 5.212 bc |
SSWA | 1.143 ± 0.242 b | 0.992 ± 0.167 b | 17.778 ± 1.884 b | 82.333 ± 21.407 ab | 14.978 ± 8.579 c |
NA | 0.976 ± 0.202 b | 1.002 ± 0.096 b | 17.178 ± 2.786 b | 86.444 ± 27.668 ab | 16.433 ± 4.955 bc |
TCA | 0.967 ± 0.204 b | 1.026 ± 0.242 b | 16.2 ± 2.147 b | 92 ± 25.51 ab | 22.589 ± 9.916 b |
F | 2.745 | 4.731 | 7.645 | 5.161 | 7.549 |
p | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.001 |
Sampling area | pH | SWC (%) | C/N | C/P | N/P |
CK | 7.773 ± 0.27 a | 14.8 ± 18.3 ab | 14.255 ± 1.349 b | 14.133 ± 3.763 b | 0.986 ± 0.213 a |
PWSA | 7.727 ± 0.068 ab | 18.9 ± 1.6 a | 16.234 ± 1.143 ab | 19.304 ± 3.091 a | 1.19 ± 0.183 a |
SSWA | 7.721 ± 0.043 ab | 18 ± 0.8 a | 15.992 ± 2.859 ab | 18.194 ± 2.317 a | 1.153 ± 0.153 a |
NA | 7.59 ± 0.16 b | 12.5 ± 5.2 b | 18.328 ± 5.306 a | 17.115 ± 2.153 a | 0.99 ± 0.26 a |
TCA | 7.58 ± 0.111 b | 9.8 ± 2.8 b | 17.293 ± 3.924 ab | 16.768 ± 2.528 ab | 1.023 ± 0.304 a |
F | 4.198 | 1.593 | 2.94 | 1.749 | 1.908 |
p | <0.01 | 0.195 | <0.01 | 0.158 | 0.128 |
Diversity Index | TN (g kg−1) | TP (g kg−1) | SOM (g kg−1) | AN (g kg−1) | AP (g kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chao | 0.011 (0.953) | 0.422 (0.020 **) | −0.014 (0.940) | 0.227 (0.228) | 0.591 (0.001 ***) |
Shannon | −0.146 (0.441) | 0.199 (0.293) | −0.298 (0.110) | 0.333 (0.072 *) | 0.463 (0.010 **) |
Simpson | 0.111 (0.560) | −0.044 (0.816) | 0.347 (0.060 *) | −0.364 (0.048 **) | −0.393 (0.032 **) |
diversity index | pH | SWC (%) | C/N | C/P | N/P |
Chao | 0.366 (0.046 **) | −0.597 (0.000 ***) | −0.152 (0.421) | −0.527 (0.003 ***) | −0.507 (0.004 ***) |
Shannon | 0.221 (0.240) | −0.62 (0.000 ***) | −0.337 (0.068 *) | −0.463 (0.010 ***) | −0.355 (0.054 *) |
Simpson | −0.009 (0.962) | 0.497 (0.005 ***) | 0.406 (0.026 **) | 0.281 (0.133) | 0.092 (0.628) |
Diversity Index | TN (g kg−1) | TP (g kg−1) | SOM (g kg−1) | AN (g kg−1) | AP (g kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chao | 0.129 (0.399) | −0.148 (0.333) | −0.124 (0.416) | 0.068 (0.656) | −0.044 (0.776) |
Shannon | −0.034 (0.826) | −0.108 (0.481) | −0.258 (0.087 *) | 0.151 (0.323) | 0.005 (0.973) |
Simpson | 0.075 (0.623) | 0.046 (0.765) | 0.248 (0.100) | −0.201 (0.185) | −0.103 (0.501) |
diversity index | PH | WATER | C/N | C/P | N/P |
Chao | −0.154 (0.311) | −0.331 (0.026 **) | −0.261 (0.083 *) | −0.039 (0.797) | 0.167 (0.273) |
Shannon | −0.221 (0.144) | −0.323 (0.031 **) | −0.191 (0.208) | −0.095 (0.535) | 0.108 (0.482) |
Simpson | 0.337 (0.024 **) | 0.414 (0.005 ***) | 0.134 (0.380) | 0.134 (0.379) | −0.039 (0.802) |
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Chen, Z.; Luo, J.; Jiao, Y.; Lyu, X.; Wang, S.; Zhang, H. Soil Characteristics and Response Mechanism of the Microbial Community in a Coal–Grain Compound Area with High Groundwater Levels. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091993
Chen Z, Luo J, Jiao Y, Lyu X, Wang S, Zhang H. Soil Characteristics and Response Mechanism of the Microbial Community in a Coal–Grain Compound Area with High Groundwater Levels. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091993
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Zhichao, Jialiang Luo, Yiheng Jiao, Xiaoxuan Lyu, Shidong Wang, and Hebing Zhang. 2024. "Soil Characteristics and Response Mechanism of the Microbial Community in a Coal–Grain Compound Area with High Groundwater Levels" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091993