Nutrient Dynamics in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems: Effects of Stocking Rates and Nitrogen System Fertilization on Litter Decomposition and Release
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location and Soil Properties
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Experimental Pasture Phases
2.4. Experimental Corn Phases
2.5. N-Fertilization Time
2.6. Overall Experimental Design
2.7. Dry Matter Decomposition and Nutrient Release Experiment
2.8. Statistical Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Initial Characterization of Residue Dry Matter
3.2. Dry Matter Decomposition of Sorghum, Black Oat, and Corn
3.3. Nitrogen Release of Sorghum, Black Oat, and Corn Residue
3.4. Phosphorous Release of Sorghum, Black Oat, and Corn Residue
3.5. Potassium Release of Sorghum, Black Oat, and Corn Residue
4. Discussion
4.1. Dry Matter Decomposition of Sorghum, Black Oat, and Corn Residue
4.2. N, P, and K Release of Sorghum, Black Oat, and Corn Residue
4.2.1. Nitrogen Release
4.2.2. Phosphorus Release
4.2.3. Potassium Release
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N-Fert | SH | DM | N | P | K | NDF | ADF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 | g kg−1 | g kg−1 | g kg−1 | % | % | ||
Sorghum | |||||||
NC | HH | 5048.6 | 19.83 ± 3.54 | 8.53 ± 1.16 | 59.17 ± 5.92 | 52.97 ± 1.85 | 30.87 ± 1.20 |
NC | LH | 4537.2 | 21.53 ± 3.54 | 9.78 ± 1.12 | 53.67 ± 4.07 | 54.55 ± 2.98 | 32.63 ± 1.43 |
NP | HH | 5204.7 | 20.40 ± 2.94 | 10.43 ± 0.64 | 61.83 ± 7.64 | 55.46 ± 0.49 | 31.40 ± 0.44 |
NP | LH | 4847.4 | 19.83 ± 2.60 | 11.54 ± 6.99 | 71.67 ± 27.66 | 47.70 ± 7.15 | 28.16 ± 2.48 |
Black oat | |||||||
NC | HH | 1557.0 | 26.79 ± 6.83 | 10.62 ± 1.90 | 39.67 ± 21.89 | 43.95 ± 6.60 | 24.67 ± 3.59 |
NC | LH | 1250.3 | 21.96 ± 6.19 | 9.54 ± 0.31 | 60.17 ± 3.33 | 46.62 ± 3.25 | 25.70 ± 1.29 |
NP | HH | 1400.0 | 27.76 ± 3.54 | 9.70 ± 0.56 | 83.17 ± 45.14 | 41.53 ± 3.86 | 24.26 ± 2.67 |
NP | LH | 1250.7 | 38.52 ± 4.28 | 16.27 ± 10.55 | 47.67 ± 24.58 | 47.76 ± 1.11 | 28.11 ± 1.22 |
Corn | |||||||
NC | HH | 7195.1 | 16.63 ± 1.11 | 4.49 ± 0.78 | 26.05 ± 6.08 | 76.57 ± 2.30 | 47.40 ± 3.76 |
NC | LH | 6639.0 | 18.30 ± 2.19 | 4.42 ± 0.89 | 17.33 ± 5.06 | 74.66 ± 4.20 | 46.55 ± 5.53 |
NP | HH | 6030.6 | 17.03 ± 1.11 | 4.58 ± 0.63 | 20.83 ± 3.76 | 72.95 ± 3.17 | 42.30 ± 3.90 |
NP | LH | 7227.0 | 18.03 ± 1.25 | 4.17 ± 0.92 | 21.00 ± 3.50 | 72.95 ± 2.82 | 39.42 ± 1.13 |
Dry Matter | Nitrogen | Potassium | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-Fert.
Time | Sward
Height | Ac. Fra
% | kA | Days | Ac. Fra
% | kA | Days | Ac. Fra
% | kA | Days | |||||
Sorghum | |||||||||||||||
NC | HH | 72.3 | 0.01670 | 42 | 90.1 | 21.8 | 0.05318 | 13 | 94.5 | 0.04878 | 14 | 91.5 | |||
NC | LH | 65.7 | 0.02051 | 34 | 90.7 | 31.8 | 0.02168 | 32 | 89.5 | 0.07104 | 10 | 94.5 | |||
NP | HH | 63.2 | 0.02572 | 27 | 93.5 | 32.5 | 0.07132 | 10 | 92.1 | 0.08466 | 8 | 97.0 | |||
NP | LH | 61.9 | 0.02309 | 30 | 96.1 | 35.6 | 0.03256 | 21 | 91.8 | 0.06991 | 10 | ||||
Black oat | |||||||||||||||
NC | HH | 80.2 | 0.02235 | 31 | 95.1 | 71.0 | 0.00622 | 111 | 71.4 | 0.03382 | 20 | ||||
NC | LH | 71.2 | 0.03753 | 18 | 95.5 | 44.4 | 0.01018 | 68 | 71.2 | 0.07131 | 10 | ||||
NP | HH | 77.1 | 0.02426 | 29 | 91.1 | 78.4 | 0.00725 | 96 | 88.6 | 0.03634 | 19 | ||||
NP | LH | 78.3 | 0.04483 | 15 | 96.0 | 133.4 | 0.00414 | 168 | 79.8 | 0.04324 | 16 | ||||
Corn | |||||||||||||||
NC | HH | 36.8 | 0.00911 | 76 | 69.1 | 33.6 | 0.29575 | 14 | 86.0 | 0.05045 | 14 | 93.2 | |||
NC | LH | 45.3 | 0.01422 | 49 | 89.2 | 43.7 | 0.11133 | 6 | 77.0 | 0.05861 | 12 | 88.1 | |||
NP | HH | 38.9 | 0.01196 | 58 | 83.0 | 35.3 | 0.14364 | 5 | 76.1 | 0.05701 | 12 | 87.6 | |||
NP | LH | 44.5 | 0.02132 | 33 | 96.9 | 37.9 | 0.26027 | 3 | 78.2 | 0.06908 | 10 | 85.9 |
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de Bortolli, M.A.; Assmann, T.S.; de Bortolli, B.B.; Maccari, M.; Bernardon, A.; Jamhour, J.; Franzluebbers, A.J.; Soares, A.B.; Severo, I.K. Nutrient Dynamics in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems: Effects of Stocking Rates and Nitrogen System Fertilization on Litter Decomposition and Release. Agronomy 2024, 14, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092009
de Bortolli MA, Assmann TS, de Bortolli BB, Maccari M, Bernardon A, Jamhour J, Franzluebbers AJ, Soares AB, Severo IK. Nutrient Dynamics in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems: Effects of Stocking Rates and Nitrogen System Fertilization on Litter Decomposition and Release. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092009
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Bortolli, Marcos Antonio, Tangriani Simioni Assmann, Betania Brum de Bortolli, Marcieli Maccari, Angela Bernardon, Jorge Jamhour, Alan J. Franzluebbers, Andre Brugnara Soares, and Igor Kieling Severo. 2024. "Nutrient Dynamics in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems: Effects of Stocking Rates and Nitrogen System Fertilization on Litter Decomposition and Release" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092009