Optimal Effect of Substituting Organic Fertilizer for Inorganic Nitrogen on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Design
2.2. Sampling and Measurements
2.2.1. Dry Matter Accumulation and Nitrogen Utilization
2.2.2. Grain Filling Rate
2.2.3. Yield Formation and Quality Indicators
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Nitrogen Reduction with Organic Fertilizer on Dry Matter Transport in Winter Wheat
3.2. Effect of Nitrogen Reduction and Organic Fertilizer Application on Grain Grouting Rate of Winter Wheat Kernels
3.3. Effect of Nitrogen Reduction with Organic Fertilizer on Winter Wheat Yield
3.4. Effect of Nitrogen Reduction Plus Organic Fertilizer on Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat
3.5. Effect of Nitrogen Reduction with Organic Fertilizer on Winter Wheat Quality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Irrigation Volumes (mm) | Amount of Base Fertilizer N Used | Amount of N Used | Total N Used (kg/ha) | Irrigation Method | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jointing | Flowering | Chemical Fertilizer | Organic Fertilizer | Jointing | Flowering | |||
Chemical Fertilizer and Organic Water-Soluble Fertilizer | ||||||||
CK | 45 | 30 | 135 | 0 | 105 + 0 | 0 + 0 | 240 | Sprinkler |
FU1 | 45 | 30 | 72 | 0 | 108 + 0 | 0 + 0 | 180 | Sprinkler |
FO1 | 45 | 30 | 60 | 12 | 103 + 5 | 0 + 0 | 180 | Furrow |
DO1 | 45 | 30 | 60 | 12 | 103 + 5 | 0 + 0 | 180 | Drip |
DO2 | 45 | 30 | 60 | 12 | 62 + 3 | 41 + 2 | 180 | Drip |
DU1 | 45 | 30 | 72 | 0 | 108 + 0 | 0 + 0 | 180 | Drip |
DU2 | 45 | 30 | 72 | 0 | 65 + 0 | 43 + 0 | 180 | Drip |
Treatments | PTA (kg/ha) | CPT (%) | PAA (kg/ha) | PAAG (kg/ha) | CPA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 2930.3 ± 740.26 ab | 32.4 ± 6.71 a | 6045.8 ± 268.59 bc | 4199.3 ± 655.29 b | 46.6 ± 4.94 a |
FU1 | 2669.0 ± 235.62 b | 36.3 ± 2.72 a | 4680.0 ± 240.44 d | 3063.8 ± 211.18 c | 41.7 ± 1.27 b |
FO1 | 2723.7 ± 137.57 b | 32.0 ± 1.48 a | 5777.4 ± 185.83 c | 4114.9 ± 165.99 b | 48.4 ± 0.96 a |
DO1 | 2782.8 ± 106.45 ab | 30.8 ± 0.29 a | 6249.1 ± 159.11 bc | 4202.8 ± 330.82 b | 46.5 ± 2.75 a |
DO2 | 3391.5 ± 53.03 a | 32.7 ± 0.99 a | 6982.7 ± 408.12 a | 4909.6 ± 359.43 a | 47.3 ± 1.49 a |
DU1 | 2887.4 ± 371.36 ab | 32.4 ± 3.51 a | 6002.9 ± 230.70 bc | 4257.9 ± 72.99 b | 47.9 ± 0.98 a |
DU2 | 2947.2 ± 257.22 ab | 31.3 ± 0.90 a | 6469.1 ± 379.49 b | 4606.4 ± 704.69 ab | 48.7 ± 4.45 a |
Year | Treatments | Spike Number (×104/ha) | Grain per Spike | Thousand-Grain Weight (g) | Yield (t/ha) | Harvest Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020–2021 | CK | 605.4 ± 46.10 ab | 29.7 ± 1.24 c | 43.1 ± 0.97 b | 7.8 ± 0.99 cd | 40.8 ± 4.42 b |
FU1 | 521.4 ± 46.61 b | 29.5 ± 0.70 c | 44.5 ± 1.65 ab | 6.8 ± 1.48 d | 38.8 ± 5.82 b | |
FO1 | 646.7 ± 47.6 ab | 31.5 ± 2.04 bc | 45.0 ± 1.25 ab | 9.1 ± 0.96 bc | 48.8 ± 4.83 ab | |
DO1 | 670.0 ± 47.26 ab | 32.4 ± 1.59 bc | 45.2 ± 1.29 a | 9.8 ± 0.83 abc | 53.7 ± 6.90 a | |
DO2 | 700.7 ± 52.99 a | 36.5 ± 0.56 a | 46.4 ± 0.15 a | 11.7 ± 1.08 a | 56.3 ± 5.17 a | |
DU1 | 668.0 ± 49.71 ab | 32.1 ± 1.97 bc | 44.9 ± 1.97 ab | 9.5 ± 0.84 bc | 48.5 ± 5.51 ab | |
DU2 | 684.7 ± 51.93 ab | 35.6 ± 1.25 ab | 44.8 ± 1.32 ab | 10.9 ± 0.92 ab | 53.3 ± 6.38 a | |
2021–2022 | CK | 584.8 ± 25.25 ab | 26.4 ± 1.49 d | 38.6 ± 1.33 b | 8.3 ± 0.69 b | 48.2 ± 2.33 b |
FU1 | 521.4 ± 10.33 c | 28.8 ± 0.69 c | 37.3 ± 3.70 b | 6.2 ± 0.14 d | 48.7 ± 1.63 b | |
FO1 | 593.4 ± 10.24 ab | 31.6 ± 2.76 b | 37.8 ± 0.70 b | 8.3 ± 0.05 b | 53.4 ± 4.91 ab | |
DO1 | 596.9 ± 9.57 ab | 32.7 ± 0.87 b | 43.1 ± 1.70 a | 9.9 ± 1.05 a | 51.3 ± 4.92 ab | |
DO2 | 614.0 ± 7.78 a | 36.3 ± 0.89 a | 42.8 ± 0.83 a | 10.9 ± 0.36 a | 57.3 ± 2.86 a | |
DU1 | 590.6 ± 16.39 ab | 32.6 ± 0.58 b | 36.7 ± 2.14 b | 7.9 ± 0.15 c | 52.2 ± 5.14 ab | |
DU2 | 579.4 ± 24.53 b | 33.3 ± 0.49 b | 38.7 ± 0.48 b | 8.0 ± 0.32 c | 54.8 ± 2.01 ab |
Year | Treatments | NUPE (kg/kg) | NUE (kg/kg) | NAE (kg/kg) | ANUE (%) | NHI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020–2021 | CK | 1.06 ± 0.03 f | 23.8 ± 4.21 b | 8.8 ± 4.50 c | 18.7 ± 6.54 d | 82.7 ± 0.47 cd |
FU1 | 1.28 ± 0.03 e | 23.3 ± 2.71 b | 6.6 ± 1.44 c | 10.7 ± 4.80 e | 83.3 ± 0.35 bc | |
FO1 | 1.35 ± 0.04 d | 28.7 ± 3.76 ab | 19.3 ± 4.13 b | 18.0 ± 3.02 d | 83.6 ± 0.21 bc | |
DO1 | 1.44 ± 0.03 c | 29.6 ± 5.22 ab | 23.3 ± 7.19 b | 26.9 ± 5.19 c | 84.2 ± 0.53 b | |
DO2 | 1.59 ± 0.01 a | 32.5 ± 1.94 a | 33.9 ± 2.60 a | 42.1 ± 5.42 a | 85.6 ± 0.24 a | |
DU1 | 1.42 ± 0.03 c | 29.1 ± 3.54 ab | 21.6 ± 4.00 b | 24.8 ± 7.13 c | 82.3 ± 0.76 d | |
DU2 | 1.50 ± 0.03 b | 32.2 ± 4.70 a | 29.4 ± 6.86 a | 32.9 ± 1.83 b | 83.7 ± 0.88 bc | |
2021–2022 | CK | 1.03 ± 0.02 f | 23.4 ± 0.28 d | 9.2 ± 0.33 e | 16.4 ± 0.97 e | 83.3 ± 0.76 bc |
FU1 | 1.27 ± 0.03 e | 20.5 ± 1.14 e | 8.0 ± 0.34 f | 12.3 ± 0.44 f | 83.7 ± 1.05 b | |
FO1 | 1.36 ± 0.03 de | 26.1 ± 0.43 c | 22.3 ± 0.63 c | 26.2 ± 0.34 c | 83.7 ± 0.99 b | |
DO1 | 1.4 ± 0.05 bc | 29.1 ± 0.27 b | 24.8 ± 0.47 b | 32.2 ± 0.25 b | 84.8 ± 0.05 ab | |
DO2 | 1.58 ± 0.09 a | 32.3 ± 0.60 a | 26.9 ± 0.25 a | 40.1 ± 1.09 a | 85.3 ± 0.99 a | |
DU1 | 1.42 ± 0.02 cd | 24.9 ± 0.66 d | 16.6 ± 0.60 d | 22.2 ± 0.84 d | 81.9 ± 0.88 c | |
DU2 | 1.52 ± 0.08 ab | 26.6 ± 0.47 c | 24.8 ± 0.07 b | 28.4 ± 5.72 bc | 83.9 ± 0.69 ab |
Year | Treatments | Grain Quality | Flour Quality | Dough Quality | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein Content (%) | Test Weight (g/L) | Hardness (%) | Flour Yield (%) | Sedimentation Volume (mL) | Wet Gluten (%) | Water Absorption (%) | Extensibility (mm) | Stability Time (min) | Development Time (min) | Tensile Area (cm2) | Maximum Ductility resistance (BU) | ||
2020–2021 | CK | 12.9 ± 0.14 a | 792.1 ± 5.68 a | 48.0 ± 0.85 ab | 62.6 ± 1.58 b | 35.3 ± 1.67 ab | 33.6 ± 2.46 a | 58.4 ± 0.79 ab | 147.6 ± 5.49 b | 2.53 ± 0.25 a | 5.93 ± 0.27 a | 91.6 ± 4.33 b | 312.1 ± 9.24 ab |
FU1 | 12.2 ± 0.17 b | 794.0 ± 7.01 a | 49.0 ± 0.05 a | 61.9 ± 2.06 b | 34.9 ± 0.61 b | 33.6 ± 1.17 a | 59.5 ± 1.30 a | 148.4 ± 2.44 b | 2.00 ± 0.13 c | 4.57 ± 0.19 bc | 94.7 ± 4.12 ab | 300.5 ± 9.00 b | |
FO1 | 12.5 ± 0.13 ab | 794.5 ± 6.08 a | 48.9 ± 1.49 a | 63.5 ± 0.90 ab | 36.6 ± 1.30 ab | 33.9 ± 3.04 a | 59.5 ± 0.98 a | 151.7 ± 4.33 ab | 2.10 ± 0.00 bc | 4.23 ± 0.14 c | 95.8 ± 4.23 ab | 316.2 ± 9.48 ab | |
DO1 | 12.4 ± 0.37 b | 792.0 ± 15.90 a | 47.6 ± 1.02 ab | 64.9 ± 2.96 ab | 36.2 ± 0.09 ab | 34.2 ± 2.14 a | 58.4 ± 0.20 ab | 149.6 ± 5.38 ab | 2.37 ± 0.1 ab | 5.23 ± 0.23 abc | 100.0 ± 4.35 ab | 326.1 ± 16.00 a | |
DO2 | 12.5 ± 0.53 ab | 793.8 ± 37.77 a | 47.8 ± 1.46 ab | 66.4 ± 0.92 a | 37.2 ± 0.43 a | 34.7 ± 3.46 a | 58.9 ± 0.38 ab | 158.6 ± 2.96 a | 2.10 ± 0.02 bc | 5.43 ± 0.36 ab | 102.4 ± 3.68 a | 329.8 ± 14.26 a | |
DU1 | 12.3 ± 0.25 b | 794.3 ± 6.28 a | 48.8 ± 0.60 a | 63.9 ± 2.25 ab | 36.8 ± 0.69 ab | 34.1 ± 4.30 a | 59.6 ± 0.35 a | 151.6 ± 3.46 ab | 2.17 ± 0.15 bc | 4.60 ± 0.45 bc | 95.4 ± 3.05 ab | 317.0 ± 17.57 ab | |
DU2 | 12.5 ± 0.2 ab | 792.7 ± 18.58 a | 46.9 ± 0.32 b | 65.4 ± 3.73 ab | 37.0 ± 1.67 ab | 34.6 ± 3.77 a | 57.8 ± 0.61 b | 151.5 ± 3.82 ab | 2.30 ± 0.25 abc | 5.13 ± 0.44 abc | 98.4 ± 7.89 ab | 324.1 ± 7.14 ab | |
2021–2022 | CK | 12.8 ± 0.37 ab | 818.3 ± 20.42 abc | 48.9 ± 5.90 a | 64.1 ± 3.15 a | 36.7 ± 3.41 a | 34.1 ± 4.38 a | 60.6 ± 4.01 a | 141.1 ± 7.83 a | 2.45 ± 0.03 a | 5.37 ± 0.37 a | 71.3 ± 3.65 c | 327.5 ± 17.79 a |
FU1 | 12.7 ± 0.34 ab | 767.6 ± 4.04 bc | 48.2 ± 3.74 a | 56.7 ± 6.13 a | 34.2 ± 2.03 a | 35.7 ± 2.59 a | 59.3 ± 3.46 a | 143.0 ± 10.38 a | 1.85 ± 0.20 c | 4.45 ± 0.37 cd | 76.4 ± 5.56 bc | 313.2 ± 4.35 a | |
FO1 | 12.6 ± 0.66 ab | 832.1 ± 25.77 ab | 49.5 ± 2.6 a | 62.0 ± 3.55 a | 37.3 ± 3.30 a | 36.4 ± 4.43 a | 60.4 ± 3.26 a | 136.2 ± 3.23 a | 1.85 ± 0.14 c | 4.41 ± 0.02 d | 87.7 ± 4.74 ab | 332.8 ± 13.05 a | |
DO1 | 13.3 ± 0.53 ab | 851.2 ± 17.33 a | 48.8 ± 3.19 a | 64.6 ± 4.10 a | 38.8 ± 2.64 a | 36.8 ± 3.87 a | 60.2 ± 4.55 a | 136.5 ± 9.94 a | 2.32 ± 0.17 ab | 4.61 ± 0.22 cd | 91.5 ± 4.48 a | 333.5 ± 16.86 a | |
DO2 | 13.8 ± 0.83 a | 852.0 ± 17.68 a | 53.1 ± 2.86 a | 65.4 ± 4.47 a | 39.6 ± 2.82 a | 37.3 ± 4.06 a | 61.7 ± 3.89 a | 148.7 ± 6.25 a | 2.33 ± 0.14 ab | 5.06 ± 0.20 ab | 94.3 ± 4.28 a | 335.5 ± 13.02 a | |
DU1 | 12.3 ± 0.66 b | 763.2 ± 8.53 c | 45.8 ± 2.88 a | 57.7 ± 5.97 a | 35.0 ± 3.15 a | 35.6 ± 5.20 a | 59.9 ± 6.59 a | 150.3 ± 5.37 a | 1.98 ± 0.13 bc | 4.36 ± 0.08 d | 71.2 ± 2.54 c | 323.0 ± 6.10 a | |
DU2 | 12.6 ± 0.81 ab | 825.7 ± 15.97 abc | 46.7 ± 3.85 a | 60.3 ± 3.80 a | 35.0 ± 2.31 a | 37.1 ± 3.85 a | 58.1 ± 5.39 a | 135.5 ± 8.29 a | 1.97 ± 0.15 bc | 4.86 ± 0.20 bc | 85.9 ± 5.31 ab | 332.7 ± 5.17 a |
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Shi, C.; Liao, A.; Du, C.; Li, L.; Wan, X.; Liu, Y. Optimal Effect of Substituting Organic Fertilizer for Inorganic Nitrogen on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation. Agronomy 2024, 14, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092012
Shi C, Liao A, Du C, Li L, Wan X, Liu Y. Optimal Effect of Substituting Organic Fertilizer for Inorganic Nitrogen on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092012
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Changhai, Anli Liao, Chao Du, Lingyan Li, Xuejie Wan, and Yiguo Liu. 2024. "Optimal Effect of Substituting Organic Fertilizer for Inorganic Nitrogen on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092012