Quantification of Cultivar Change in Double Rice Regions under a Warming Climate during 1981–2009 in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Climate and Crop Data
2.3. Crop Modeling
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Climate Changes during Different Rice Growth Stages
3.2. Model Calibration and Validation
3.3. Changes in Rice Cultivars
3.4. Impact of Cultivars on Rice Phenology and Grain Yield
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | Temperature (°C/y) | BVP | PSP | PFP | GFP | EM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early rice | Nanchang | Maximum | y = 0.047x − 69.5 | y = −0.012x + 53.6 | y = 0.045x − 59.2 | y = 0.002x + 28.3 | y = 0.024x − 20.9 |
Average | y = 0.037x − 52.6 | y = −0.015x + 54.5 | y = 0.035x − 42.9 | y = 0.007x + 13.8 | y = 0.018x − 12.1 | ||
Minimum | y = 0.026x − 34.5 | y = −0.002x + 25.6 | y = 0.022x − 19.9 | y = 0.011x + 2.4 | y = 0.013x − 4.8 | ||
Hengyang | Maximum | y = 0.094**x − 161.5 | y = 0.078x − 131.4 | y = −0.031x + 94.1 | y = −0.010x + 54.3 | y = 0.037*x − 47.6 | |
Average | y = 0.081**x − 139.2 | y = 0.081*x − 141.4 | y = −0.011x + 49.5 | y = 0.005x + 19.5 | y = 0.033**x − 44.9 | ||
Minimum | y = 0.073**x − 126.9 | y = 0.080**x − 142.0 | y = 0.003x + 18.6 | y = 0.016x − 7.2 | y = 0.032**x − 45.2 | ||
Gaoyao | Maximum | y = 0.022x − 17.5 | y = 0.003x + 24.3 | y = −0.010x + 51.6 | y = −0.031x + 94.9 | y = 0.009x + 10.7 | |
Average | y = 0.007x + 8.5 | y = −0.006x + 38.1 | y = −0.033x + 92.6 | y = −0.024x + 76.7 | y = 0.001x + 27.7 | ||
Minimum | y = −0.006x + 31.6 | y = −0.001x + 25.2 | y = −0.037*x + 98.3 | y = −0.018x + 60.9 | y = −0.007x + 36.5 | ||
Late rice | Nanchang | Maximum | y = 0.002x + 30.1 | y = 0.043x − 54.6 | y = 0.110*x − 197.9 | y = 0.189**x − 351.2 | y = 0.075**x − 117.9 |
Average | y = 0.015x + 0.08 | y = 0.044x − 58.9 | y = 0.107**x − 188.7 | y = 0.179**x − 336.8 | y = 0.076**x − 125.8 | ||
Minimum | y = 0.023x − 19.1 | y = 0.047x − 68.2 | y = 0.104**x − 192.0 | y = 0.167**x − 326.4 | y = 0.078**x − 132.3 | ||
Hengyang | Maximum | y = −0.014x + 62.2 | y = −0.097*x + 232.1 | y = −0.005x + 40.3 | y = 0.073x − 125.7 | y = 0.031x − 32.0 | |
Average | y = 0.001x + 27.8 | y = −0.074*x + 180.6 | y = −0.008x + 41.5 | y = 0.076*x − 129.4 | y = 0.038x − 52.2 | ||
Minimum | y = 0.011x + 3.1 | y = −0.047*x + 121.6 | y = −0.018x + 59.1 | y = 0.064*x − 114.4 | y = 0.040*x − 60.4 | ||
Gaoyao | Maximum | y = 0.011x + 10.6 | y = 0.062*x − 97.2 | y = 0.067*x − 107.1 | y = 0.121**x − 222.2 | y = 0.041**x − 53.2 | |
Average | y = 0.003x + 22.9 | y = 0.053*x − 81.5 | y = 0.071**x − 120.4 | y = 0.132**x − 249.4 | y = 0.039*x − 52.7 | ||
Minimum | y = 0.001x + 24.5 | y = 0.048x − 73.5 | y = 0.063**x − 106.6 | y = 0.129**x − 245.9 | y = 0.035**x − 47.7 |
Sites | DVRJ | DVRI | DVRP | DVRR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early rice | Nanchang | −0.09 | −0.29 | 0.04 | 0.23 |
Hengyang | −0.75** | −0.87** | 0.74** | −0.45* | |
Gaoyao | 0.41* | 0.10 | −0.02 | −0.06 | |
Late rice | Nanchang | −0.02 | 0.20 | 0.18 | −0.11 |
Hengyang | −0.72** | −0.60** | 0.39* | 0.34 | |
Gaoyao | 0.22 | 0.42* | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Sites | Percentage of Filled Grains (%) | Grain Number Per Spike | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | B0 | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early rice | Nanchang | 0.27 | - | - | 0 | 0.70 |
Hengyang | ||||||
Gaoyao | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0 | 0.73 | |
Late rice | Nanchang | - | 0.19 | - | 0 | 0.64 |
Hengyang | - | 0.11 | 0.57 | 0 | 0.63 | |
Gaoyao | - | 0.28 | - | 0 | 0.49 |
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Qiu, X.; Tang, L.; Zhu, Y.; Cao, W.; Liu, L. Quantification of Cultivar Change in Double Rice Regions under a Warming Climate during 1981–2009 in China. Agronomy 2019, 9, 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120794
Qiu X, Tang L, Zhu Y, Cao W, Liu L. Quantification of Cultivar Change in Double Rice Regions under a Warming Climate during 1981–2009 in China. Agronomy. 2019; 9(12):794. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120794
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiu, Xiaolei, Liang Tang, Yan Zhu, Weixing Cao, and Leilei Liu. 2019. "Quantification of Cultivar Change in Double Rice Regions under a Warming Climate during 1981–2009 in China" Agronomy 9, no. 12: 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120794