Glyphosate as a Tool for the Incorporation of New Herbicide Options in Integrated Weed Management in Maize: A Weed Dynamics Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Experimental Site and Field Layout
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weed Species Composition
3.2. Weed Species Abundance, Richness, and Diversity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Field Operations | Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
Soil preparation | Disk harrowing | 24 and 27 January | 20 March | 6 and 10 March |
Subsoiling | 31 January | 9 April | 14 March | |
Rotovating | 14 February | 16 April | 29 March | |
Sowing date | 11 May | 9 May | 19 May | |
Maize seed variety | DKC6450 DKC6451YG | DKC6450 DKC6451YG | DKC6450 DKC6451YG | |
Planting density | 80,000 seeds ha−1 | 80,000 seeds ha−1 | 80,000 seeds ha−1 | |
Row width | 0.75 m | 0.75 m | 0.75 m | |
Fertilization | Basal dressing (NPK) | 13 February 8–15–15, 300 kg ha−1 | 15 April 8–15–15, 300 kg ha−1 | 27 March 8–15–15, 300 kg ha−1 |
Topdressing | 8 June Urea-46, 300 kg ha−1 | 15 June CAN 27% *, 500 kg ha−1 | 1 July Urea-46, 600 kg ha−1 | |
First irrigation | 9 June | 2 June | 17 June | |
Plant height | 2.60 m | 2.70 m | 2.75 m | |
Flowering | 24 July | 3 August | 7 August | |
Harvest | 5 December | 9 January | 30 December |
Weed Management Program | Herbicide Treatments (N°) | Application Time (Maize Growth Stage) | Herbicide Active Ingredients | Rate (g a.i.ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional (Conv.) | 2 | PRE | S-metolachlor 31.25% + terbuthylazine 18.75% | 1250 750 |
POST (6–8 leaf stage) | nicosulfuron 6% + mesotrione 10% | 39 100 | ||
Herbicide Reduced (HR) | 1 | POST (6–8 leaf stage) | S-metolachlor 31.25% + terbuthylazine 18.75% + nicosulfuron 6% + mesotrione 10% | 938 562 45 50 |
Pre + Gly | 2 | PRE | S-metolachlor 31.25% + terbuthylazine 18.75% | 1250 750 |
POST (6–8 leaf stage) | glyphosate 36% | 1080 | ||
HR + Gly | 2 | POST (4–6 leaf stage) | S-metholachlor 31.25% + terbuthylazine 18.75% + nicosulfuron 6% + mesotrione 10% | 938 562 45 50 |
POST (8–10 leaf stage) | glyphosate 36% | 1080 | ||
2 Gly | 2 | POST (4–6 leaf stage) | glyphosate 36% | 1080 |
POST (8–10 leaf stage) | glyphosate 36% | 1080 |
Weed | Weed Management Program | Treatment (T) (F2,14 (P)) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bt/HR | Bt/HR + Gly | Bt/2 Gly | ||
Abundance (plants m−2) | 9.7 ± 4.1 | 31.3 ± 10.6 | 4.9 ± 3.0 | 119.26 * (0.00) |
Species Richness (S) | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 23.06 * (0.00) |
Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.81 (0.21) |
Weed Management Program | Plant Density | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dicotyledonous | Monocotyledonous | |||||||
Abutilon theophrasti | Amaranthus spp. | Datura spp. | Solanum nigrum | Digitaria sanguinalis | Echinochloa crus-galli | Setaria spp. | Sorghum halepense | |
Conv | 2.8 ± 4.2 a | 0.2 ± 0.3 a | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 5.0 a | 5.6 ± 5.0 a | 8.6 ± 5.9 a | 1.9 ± 2.0 |
Pre + Gly | 10.9 ± 19.8 ab | 0.4 ± 0.5 a | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 0.8 ± 1.7 | 1.7 ± 2.2 a | 5.9 ± 5.3 a | 11.0 ± 7.6 a | 2.3 ± 3.1 |
HR | 1.2 ± 0.8 a | 5.4 ± 7.6 b | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 24.5 ± 11.6 d | 16.8 ± 9.2 b | 62.1 ± 40.5 b | 4.6 ± 3.3 |
HR + Gly | 12.8 ± 11.9 b | 3.9 ± 3.8 b | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | 6.4 ± 4.4 b | 28.8 ± 22.0 b | 44.2 ± 40.0 b | 4.9 ± 3.8 |
2 Gly | 4.1 ± 6.3 ab | 16.2 ± 18.5 b | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 11.3 ± 6.6 c | 18.4 ± 15.2 b | 61.9 ± 63.7 b | 2.7 ± 2.7 |
Y (F1,40 (P)) | 2.42 (0.12) | 11.46 * (0.00) | 0.89 (0.35) | 1.04 (0.31) | 14.26 * (0.00) | 4.11 * (0.04) | 16.83 * (0.00) | 2.15 (0.15) |
T (F4,40 (P)) | 4.00 * (0.01) | 10.09 * (0.01) | 1.02 (0.41) | 2.59 (0.05) | 29.201 * (0.00) | 9.31 * (0.00) | 18.37 * (0.00) | 1.53 (0.21) |
Y × T (F4,40 (P)) | 0.35 (0.84) | 2.51 (0.06) | 1.14 (0.96) | 0.74 (0.57) | 3.43 * (0.01) | 0.91 (0.46) | 6.03 * (0.00) | 2.35 (0.07) |
Year | Weed Management Program | Year (Y) (F1,40 (P)) | Treatment (T) (F4,40 (P)) | Y × T (F4,40 (P)) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conv | Pre + Gly | HR | HR + Gly | 2 Gly | |||||
Species Richness (S) | 2013 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 35.19 * (0.00) | 2.23 (0.08) | 1.21 (0.32) |
2014 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | ||||
Diversity index (H′) | 2013 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 36.04 * (0.00) | 2.11 (0.09) | 1.53 (0.21) |
2014 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 |
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Loureiro, I.; Santin-Montanyá, I.; Escorial, M.-C.; García-Ruiz, E.; Cobos, G.; Sánchez-Ramos, I.; Pascual, S.; González-Núñez, M.; Chueca, M.-C. Glyphosate as a Tool for the Incorporation of New Herbicide Options in Integrated Weed Management in Maize: A Weed Dynamics Evaluation. Agronomy 2019, 9, 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120876
Loureiro I, Santin-Montanyá I, Escorial M-C, García-Ruiz E, Cobos G, Sánchez-Ramos I, Pascual S, González-Núñez M, Chueca M-C. Glyphosate as a Tool for the Incorporation of New Herbicide Options in Integrated Weed Management in Maize: A Weed Dynamics Evaluation. Agronomy. 2019; 9(12):876. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120876
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoureiro, Iñigo, Inés Santin-Montanyá, María-Concepción Escorial, Esteban García-Ruiz, Guillermo Cobos, Ismael Sánchez-Ramos, Susana Pascual, Manuel González-Núñez, and María-Cristina Chueca. 2019. "Glyphosate as a Tool for the Incorporation of New Herbicide Options in Integrated Weed Management in Maize: A Weed Dynamics Evaluation" Agronomy 9, no. 12: 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120876