Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Plant during Growth Cycle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
2.3. Extraction
2.4. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
2.5. HPLC Analysis
2.6. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity
2.7. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power
2.8. Photochemiluminescence Assay
2.9. Fe2+ Chelation Ability
2.10. Scavenging of the DPPH Radical
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Growth Stage | Days after Seeding | Extraction Yield | TPC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(mg Catechin eq./g Extract) | (mg Catechin eq./g FM) | |||
V5 | 34 | 19.2 ± 0.3 bc 1 | 47.7 ± 2.6 ab | 1.75 ± 0.09 ab |
V6 | 41 | 21.0 ± 1.5 ab | 50.4 ± 1.1 a | 1.95 ± 0.002 a |
R1 | 55 | 18.7 ± 1.4 bc | 44.3 ± 0.8 bc | 1.63 ± 0.002 bc |
R2 | 62 | 19.2 ± 0.5 bc | 42.2 ± 2.3 c | 1.49 ± 0.09 cd |
R3 | 69 | 17.6 ± 1.4 c | 43.8 ± 1.1 bc | 1.40 ± 0.04 d |
R4 | 74 | 17.6 ± 1.1 c | 49.6 ± 3.7 a | 1.78 ± 0.10 ab |
R5 | 78 | 18.1 ± 0.1 c | 50.4 ± 2.2 a | 1.82 ± 0.18 ab |
No. | tR (min) | λMax (nm) | Compound | Content | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V5 | V6 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | ||||
1 | 4.46 | 328 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 0.34 ± 0.21 a | 0.47 ± 0.33 a | 0.39 ± 0.04 a | 0.50 ± 0.12 a | 0.45 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.03 a | 0.45 ± 0.12 a |
2 | 4.73 | 328 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 1.23 ± 0.20 a | 1.37 ± 0.45 a | 1.08 ± 0.26 a | 1.38 ± 0.08 a | 1.27 ± 0.07 a | 0.98 ± 0.08 a | 1.21 ± 0.20 a |
3 | 4.86 | 328 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 1.54 ± 0.23 a | 1.43 ± 1.08 a | 1.41 ± 0.01 a | 1.72 ± 0.41 a | 1.54 ± 0.09 a | 1.64 ± 0.02 a | 1.52 ± 0.43 a |
4 | 5.95 | 315 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 0.53 ± 0.08 a | 0.53 ± 0.36 a | 0.54 ± 0.01 a | 0.67 ± 0.10 a | 0.57 ± 0.06 a | 0.57 ± 0.02 a | 0.57 ± 0.08 a |
5 | 6.22 | 321 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 0.71 ± 0.09 bc | 1.21 ± 0.12 a | 0.76 ± 0.03 bc | 0.94 ± 0.22 ab | 0.73 ± 0.06 bc | 0.63 ± 0.10 c | 0.70 ± 0.07 bc |
6 | 6.33 | 325 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 0.52 ± 0.06 a | 0.52 ± 0.19 a | 0.47 ± 0.04 a | 0.56 ± 0.10 a | 0.54 ± 0.06 a | 0.53 ± 0.03 a | 0.53 ± 0.08 a |
7 | 6.54 | 327 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 0.82 ± 0.14 ab | 0.96 ± 0.13 a | 0.69 ± 0.08 b | 0.81 ± 0.03 ab | 0.76 ± 0.10 ab | 0.67 ± 0.07 b | 0.79 ± 0.10 ab |
8 | 7.42 | 256,353 | Flavonol 2 | 6.80 ± 0.33 ab | 3.80 ± 2.97 b | 5.62 ± 0.04 ab | 6.97 ± 0.52 a | 6.02 ± 0.88 ab | 7.00 ± 0.89 a | 6.32 ± 1.02 ab |
9 | 7.71 | 251,295 | Daidzin | 0.67 ± 0.17 ab | 0.91 ± 0.49 ab | 1.50 ± 0.89 a | 1.11 ± 0.02 ab | 0.75 ± 0.10 ab | 0.59 ± 0.01 ab | 0.54 ± 0.12 b |
10 | 7.87 | 265,346 | Flavonol 3 | 4.19 ± 0.33 a | 3.27 ± 0.70 a | 3.97 ± 0.45 a | 4.32 ± 0.10 a | 3.97 ± 0.70 a | 4.37 ± 0.29 a | 3.89 ± 0.57 a |
11 | 8.05 | 255,353 | Flavonol 2 | 2.50 ± 0.12 a | 1.34 ± 1.08 b | 2.14 ± 0.01 ab | 2.46 ± 0.10 a | 2.28 ± 0.28 ab | 2.51 ± 0.20 a | 2.19 ± 0.32 ab |
12 | 8.37 | 257,355 | Rutin | 32.89 ± 1.10 a | 23.12 ± 5.08 b | 24.45 ± 0.72 b | 28.09 ± 1.91 ab | 23.23 ± 2.69 b | 29.18 ± 4.32 ab | 25.55 ± 4.43 ab |
13 | 8.87 | 265,348 | Flavonol 3 | 3.40 ± 0.15 a | 2.23 ± 1.12 a | 3.07 ± 0.54 a | 3.13 ± 0.14 a | 2.70 ± 0.23 a | 3.09 ± 0.26 a | 2.78 ± 0.40 a |
14 | 9.08 | 263,349 | Flavonol 3 | 5.02 ± 0.17 a | 2.61 ± 1.81 b | 3.91 ± 0.30 ab | 4.24 ± 0.20 ab | 3.78 ± 0.46 ab | 4.06 ± 0.39 ab | 3.70 ± 0.40 ab |
15 | 9.23 | 259 | Isoflavone 4 | 1.49 ± 0.2 a | 1.37 ± 1.11 a | 2.48 ± 1.06 a | 2.16 ± 0.02 a | 1.53 ± 0.07 a | 1.24 ± 0.07 a | 1.11 ± 0.16 a |
16 | 9.41 | 268 | Isoflavone 4 | 0.57 ± 0.01 a | 0.62 ± 0.23 a | 0.56 ± 0.13 a | 0.56 ± 0.01 a | 0.46 ± 0.06 a | 0.52 ± 0.04 a | 0.48 ± 0.06 a |
17 | 10.56 | 260 | Isoflavone 4 | 0.68 ± 0.19 a | 0.67 ± 0.57 a | 1.44 ± 0.61 a | 1.30 ± 0.10 a | 0.96 ± 0.04 a | 0.90 ± 0.16 a | 0.85 ± 0.13 a |
18 | 11.99 | 259 | Daidzein | 0.10 ± 0.05 c | 0.25 ± 0.23 bc | 0.71 ± 0.33 a | 0.67 ± 0.03 a | 0.52 ± 0.01 ab | 0.62 ± 0.05 ab | 0.53 ± 0.08 ab |
19 | 14.10 | 260 | Genistein | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.05 a | 0.11 ± 0.10 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 a |
Sum of compounds | 64.05 ± 3.80 a | 46.75 ± 17.13 a | 55.30 ± 5.46 a | 61.71 ± 3.91 a | 52.17 ± 5.56 a | 59.61 ± 7.02 a | 53.76 ± 8.75 a | |||
Sum of hydroxycinnamic acids | 5.69 ± 1.00 a | 6.49 ± 2.15 a | 5.33 ± 0.39 a | 6.59 ± 1.05 a | 5.86 ± 0.46 a | 5.46 ± 0.36 a | 5.76 ± 1.07 a | |||
Sum of flavonols | 54.8 ± 2.19 a | 36.4 ± 12.76 b | 43.2 ± 1.96 ab | 49.2 ± 2.98 ab | 42.0 ± 5.24 ab | 50.2 ± 6.34 ab | 44.4 ± 7.14 ab | |||
Sum of isoflavones | 3.56 ± 0.62 a | 3.88 ± 2.22 a | 6.80 ± 3.12 a | 5.90 ± 0.12 a | 4.33 ± 0.14 a | 3.95 ± 0.32 a | 3.56 ± 0.54 a |
No. | tR (min) | λMax (nm) | Compound | Content | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V5 | V6 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | ||||
1 | 4.46 | 328 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 12.5 ± 7.7 a | 18.1 ± 12.3 a | 14.3 ± 1.1 a | 17.7 ± 4.2 a | 14.3 ± 0.7 a | 16.0 ± 0.9 a | 16.5 ± 5.1 a |
2 | 4.73 | 328 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 45.2 ± 7.1 a | 53.1 ± 16.2 a | 39.7 ± 8.8 a | 48.8 ± 2.9 a | 40.5 ± 2.3 a | 35.2 ± 2.2 a | 43.8 ± 9.7 a |
3 | 4.86 | 328 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 56.2 ± 8.5 a | 55.0 ± 40.4 a | 52.1 ± 1.5 a | 60.8 ± 14.7 a | 49.4 ± 3.0 a | 59.0 ± 0.3 a | 55.4 ± 18.5 a |
4 | 5.95 | 315 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 19.4 ± 2.9 a | 20.5 ± 13.6 a | 19.8 ± 0.0 a | 23.5 ± 3.7 a | 18.4 ± 2.0 a | 20.5 ± 0.4 a | 20.6 ± 4.2 a |
5 | 6.22 | 321 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 26.0 ± 3.1 c | 47.0 ± 5.8 a | 27.9 ± 1.5 bc | 33.3 ± 7.9 b | 23.2 ± 2.2 bc | 22.6 ± 3.2 c | 25.2 ± 3.8 bc |
6 | 6.33 | 325 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 18.9 ± 2.0 a | 19.9 ± 7.0 a | 17.3 ± 1.0 a | 19.9 ± 3.7 a | 17.2 ± 2.0 a | 18.9 ± 0.9 a | 19.2 ± 3.8 a |
7 | 6.54 | 327 | Hydroxycinnamic acid 1 | 30.1 ± 4.9 ab | 37.3 ± 6.1 a | 25.5 ± 2.5 b | 28.6 ± 1.0 ab | 24.4 ± 3.4 b | 24.3 ± 2.1 b | 28.5 ± 5.0 ab |
8 | 7.42 | 256,353 | Flavonol 2 | 249 ± 12 a | 146 ± 112 a | 207 ± 6 a | 246 ± 20 a | 193 ± 29 a | 252 ± 27 a | 229 ± 50 a |
9 | 7.71 | 251,295 | Daidzin | 24.5 ± 6.3 ab | 35.2 ± 18.1 ab | 54.8 ± 31.8 a | 39.0 ± 0.9 ab | 24.1 ± 3.0 ab | 21.2 ± 0.7 b | 19.7 ± 5.3 b |
10 | 7.87 | 265,346 | Flavonol 3 | 153 ± 12 a | 127 ± 24 a | 146 ± 14 a | 153 ± 4 a | 127 ± 23 a | 157 ± 8 a | 141 ± 28 a |
11 | 8.05 | 255,353 | Flavonol 2 | 91.5 ± 4.2 a | 51.6 ± 40.5 a | 78.8 ± 1.9 a | 86.9 ± 4.0 a | 72.9 ± 9.4 a | 90.5 ± 5.4 a | 79.4 ± 15.9 a |
12 | 8.37 | 257,355 | Rutin | 1203 ± 39 a | 895 ± 176 bc | 902 ± 8 bc | 991 ± 72 abc | 743 ± 90 c | 1050 ± 136 ab | 928 ± 211 abc |
13 | 8.87 | 265,348 | Flavonol 3 | 124 ± 5 a | 86 ± 42 a | 113 ± 17 a | 110 ± 6 a | 87 ± 8 a | 111 ± 7 a | 101 ± 20 a |
14 | 9.08 | 263,349 | Flavonol 3 | 184 ± 6 a | 101 ± 68 b | 144 ± 8 ab | 150 ± 8 ab | 121 ± 15 ab | 146 ± 11 ab | 134 ± 22 ab |
15 | 9.23 | 259 | Isoflavone 4 | 54.5 ± 7.5 a | 52.5 ± 41.7 a | 91.1 ± 37.2 a | 76.2 ± 0.3 a | 48.9 ± 2.0 a | 44.5 ± 1.7 a | 40.4 ± 8.1 a |
16 | 9.41 | 268 | Isoflavone 4 | 21.0 ± 0.4 a | 24.3 ± 9.4 a | 20.6 ± 4.2 a | 19.6 ± 0.3 a | 14.8 ± 2.0 a | 18.5 ± 1.2 a | 17.4 ± 3.2 a |
17 | 10.56 | 260 | Isoflavone 4 | 24.9 ± 7.0 a | 25.8 ± 21.5 a | 52.9 ± 21.5 a | 45.7 ± 3.3 a | 30.5 ± 1.1 a | 32.4 ± 5.3 a | 30.9 ± 6.4 a |
18 | 11.99 | 259 | Daidzein | 3.7 ± 1.6 c | 9.7 ± 8.9 bc | 26.0 ± 11.6 a | 23.6 ± 0.9 a | 16.7 ± 0.1 abc | 22.4 ± 1.3 ab | 19.1 ± 3.8 ab |
19 | 14.10 | 260 | Genistein | 1.7 ± 0.4 a | 2.1 ± 2.0 a | 4.2 ± 3.5 a | 4.0 ± 0.1 a | 3.5 ± 0.3 a | 3.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.8 ± 0.1 a |
Sum of compounds | 2343 ± 136 a | 1806 ± 622 a | 2038 ± 160 a | 2177 ± 148 a | 1669 ± 187 a | 2145 ± 213 a | 1951 ± 424 a | |||
Sum of hydroxycinnamic acids | 208 ± 30 a | 251 ± 78 a | 197 ± 10 a | 233 ± 38 a | 187 ± 16 a | 197 ± 9 a | 209 ± 50 a | |||
Sum of flavonols | 2005 ± 77 a | 1406 ± 462 b | 1592 ± 40 ab | 1736 ± 113 ab | 1343 ± 175 b | 1806 ± 195 ab | 1612 ± 347 ab | |||
Sum of isoflavones | 130 ± 22 a | 150 ± 83 a | 250 ± 110 a | 208 ± 3 a | 139 ± 4 a | 142 ± 9 a | 129 ± 27 a |
Growth Stage | TEAC 1 | FRAP 2 | PCL-ACL 3 | Fe2+ Chelating Ability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(μmol Trolox eq./g Extract) | (μmol Trolox eq./g FM) | (μmol Fe2+/g Extract) | (μmol Fe2+/g FM) | (μmol Trolox eq./g Extract) | (μmol Trolox eq./g FM) | (%) | |
V5 | 190 ± 20 c | 6.93 ± 0.71 ab | 780 ± 19 a | 28.5 ± 0.7 a | 552 ± 1 a | 20.2 ± 0.1 ab | 49.1 ± 5.2 ab |
V6 | 201 ± 5 bc | 7.82 ± 0.03 ab | 694 ± 10 ab | 26.9 ± 1.0 a | 560 ± 38 a | 21.8 ± 2.0 a | 41.6 ± 6.4 bcd |
R1 | 229 ± 39 bc | 8.43 ± 1.28 a | 651 ± 61 bc | 24.0 ± 1.8 ab | 517 ± 5 a | 19.1 ± 0.2 ab | 39.9 ± 4.7 cd |
R2 | 177 ± 11 c | 6.26 ± 0.41 b | 623 ± 3 bc | 22.0 ± 0.2 b | 516 ± 36 a | 18.2 ± 1.4 ab | 46.4 ± 1.3 bc |
R3 | 245 ± 21 ab | 7.82 ± 0.62 ab | 670 ± 77 ab | 21.4 ± 2.6 b | 552 ± 2 a | 17.6 ± 0.2 b | 51.7 ± 2.7 a |
R4 | 220 ± 12 bc | 7.93 ± 0.29 ab | 712 ± 77 ab | 25.6 ± 2.3 ab | 534 ± 30 a | 19.2 ± 0.7 ab | 39.2 ± 2.2 cd |
R5 | 219 ± 26 bc | 7.90 ± 0.95 ab | 666 ± 56 ab | 24.1 ± 3.3 ab | 531 ± 61 a | 19.3 ± 3.3 ab | 36.5 ± 0.8 d |
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Peiretti, P.G.; Karamać, M.; Janiak, M.; Longato, E.; Meineri, G.; Amarowicz, R.; Gai, F. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Plant during Growth Cycle. Agronomy 2019, 9, 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030153
Peiretti PG, Karamać M, Janiak M, Longato E, Meineri G, Amarowicz R, Gai F. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Plant during Growth Cycle. Agronomy. 2019; 9(3):153. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030153
Chicago/Turabian StylePeiretti, Pier Giorgio, Magdalena Karamać, Michał Janiak, Erica Longato, Giorgia Meineri, Ryszard Amarowicz, and Francesco Gai. 2019. "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Plant during Growth Cycle" Agronomy 9, no. 3: 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030153