Application of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Strawberry Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Growth Conditions and Treatments
2.2. Phenotypic Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Salinity (mM) | nSiO2 mg L−1 before BBCH: 61 | nSiO2 mg L−1 after BBCH: 61 | Treatments | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 mM (Control—no NaCl) | 0 | 0 (Control—no NaCl, no SiO2) | S1 | 0 mM NaCl + 0 mg L−1 nSiO2 |
50 | S2 | 0 mM NaCl + 0.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
50 | 0 | S3 | 0 mM NaCl + 50. 0 mg L−1 SiO2 | |
50 | S4 | 0 mM NaCl + 50.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
100 | 0 | S5 | 0 mM NaCl + 100.0 mg L−1 SiO2 | |
50 | S6 | 0 mM NaCl + 100.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
25 mM | 0 | 0 (Control—no SiO2) | S1 | 25 mM NaCl + 0 mg L−1 nSio2 |
50 | S2 | 25 mM NaCl + 0.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
50 | 0 | S3 | 25 mM NaCl + 50.0 mg L−1 SiO2 | |
50 | S4 | 25 mM NaCl + 50.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
100 | 0 | S5 | 25 mM NaCl + 100.0 mg L−1 SiO2 | |
50 | S6 | 25 mM NaCl + 100.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
50 mM | 0 | 0 (Control—no SiO2) | S1 | 50 mM NaCl + 0 mg L−1 nSio2 |
50 | S2 | 50 mM NaCl + 0.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
50 | 0 | S3 | 50 mM NaCl + 50.0 mg L−1 SiO2 | |
50 | S4 | 50 mM NaCl + 50.50 mg L−1 SiO2 | ||
100 | 0 | S5 | 50 mM NaCl+ 100.0 mg L−1 SiO2 | |
50 | S6 | 50 mM NaCl+ 100.50 mg L−1 SiO2 |
Root Fresh Weight (g) | Root Dry Weight (g) | Shoot Fresh Weight (g) | Shoot Dry Weight (g) | Shoot/Root | Root Volume (cm3 per plant) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (mM) | ||||||
0 | 52.1 a | 10.99 a | 51.94 a | 16.16 a | 0.996 a | 51.00 a |
25 | 43.2 b | 8.44 b | 36.76 b | 12.23 b | 0.850 a | 41.88 b |
50 | 36.7 c | 7.11 c | 18.14 c | 5.58 c | 0.494 b | 37.50 b |
Nano-silicon Dioxide (mg L−1) | ||||||
S1 | 36.72 c | 6.95 c | 28.54 c | 9.22 c | 0.777 a | 35.88 b |
S2 | 44.86 abc | 9.04 ab | 33.97 b | 10.7 bc | 0.757 a | 41.77 ab |
S3 | 50.92 a | 10.35 a | 38.33 b | 11.50 ab | 0.752 a | 49.77 a |
S4 | 41.41 bc | 8.01 bc | 35.92 b | 11.25 abc | 0.867 a | 41.11 ab |
S5 | 46.34 abc | 9.13 ab | 35.74 c | 12.24 ab | 0.771 a | 43.77 ab |
S6 | 47.53 ab | 9.92 a | 41.18 a | 13.04 a | 0.866 a | 48.44 a |
Analysis of Variance | ||||||
Salinity | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
nSiO2 | ** | * | * | ** | ns | ns |
Salinity × nSiO2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
S1 | S6 | T Value | Pr > F | Pr > [t] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std Dev | Std Err | Mean | Std Dev | Std Err | Pooled (Equal) | Satterthwaite (Unequal) | |||
Fresh weight | 12.98 | 0.849 | 0.49 | 21.32 | 3.89 | 2.24 | −3.63 | 0.0909 | 0.0222 * | 0.059 ns |
Dry weight | 4.28 | 1.017 | 0587 | 6.55 | 0.606 | 0.35 | −3.31 | 0.524 | 0.0297 * | 0.0402 * |
Root fresh weight | 30.42 | 4.79 | 2.76 | 34.55 | 7.72 | 4.45 | −0.79 | 0.475 | 0.475 ns | 0.483 ns |
Root dry weight | 4.92 | 0.70 | 0.407 | 8.29 | 2.314 | 1.33 | −2.41 | 0.17 | 0.0733 ns | 0.117 ns |
Root volume | 28.33 | 7.63 | 4.40 | 40.00 | 5.00 | 2.88 | −2.21 | 0.60 | 0.091 ns | 0.102 ns |
Shoot/root | 0.431 | 0.0449 | 0.0259 | 0.637 | 0.183 | 0.106 | −1.89 | 0.112 | 0.131 ns | 0.185 ns |
Membrane stability index (MSI) | 64.22 | 10.31 | 5.95 | 80.00 | 2.68 | 1.55 | −2.57 | 0.127 | 0.062ns | 0.109 ns |
Proline | 13.42 | 0.549 | 0.316 | 8.19 | 0.641 | 0.370 | 10.72 | 0.844 | 0.0004 ** | 0.0005 ** |
Epicuticular wax layer (EWL) | 17.06 | 5.65 | 3.266 | 34.03 | 8.29 | 4.78 | −2.93 | 0.635 | 0.043 * | 0.050 * |
Fruit Yield (g) | RWC (%) | RWP (%) | RWL (%) | MSI (%) | CT (g H2O/g Dry Weight) | Canopy Temperature (°C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cloudy Day | Sunny Day | |||||||||
Salinity (mM) | ||||||||||
0 | 198.06 a | 85.1 a | 0.91 a | 0.156 a | 83.9 a | 0.587 a | 3.91 a | 2.72 a | ||
25 | 149.40 b | 81.79 a | 0.87 ab | 0.154 a | 79.3 a | 0.832 a | 3.57 a | 2.04 a | ||
50 | 77.39 c | 67.37 b | 0.86 b | 0.168 a | 75.5 b | 0.908 a | 2.18 b | 0.10 b | ||
Nano-silicon dioxide (mg L−1) | ||||||||||
S1 | 124.05 c | 76.71 a | 0.861 a | 0.107 c | 74.2 bc | 1.111 a | 2.33 c | 0.713 c | ||
S2 | 142.33 abc | 75.99 a | 0.901 a | 0.161 ab | 79.1 abc | 0.593 a | 3.15 b | 0.861 c | ||
S3 | 151.92 ab | 75.26 a | 0.877 a | 0.161 ab | 79.6 abc | 0.788 a | 3.20 b | 1.14 c | ||
S4 | 140.79 bc | 78.33 a | 0.883 a | 0.202 a | 84.64 a | 0.753 a | 3.15 b | 1.46 bc | ||
S5 | 129.34 c | 80.91 a | 0.875 a | 0.158 b | 71.9 c | 0.843 a | 3.48 ab | 3.06 a | ||
S6 | 161.26 a | 81.32 a | 0.911 a | 0.168 ab | 82.2 ab | 0.564 a | 4.02 a | 2.48 ab | ||
Analysis of Variance | ||||||||||
Salinity | ** | ** | ns | ns | ** | ns | ** | ** | ||
Nano-silicon dioxide | ** | ns | ns | ** | * | ns | ** | ** | ||
Salinity × Naon-silicon dioxide | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
EWL (µg cm2) | Proline (µmol g−1) | Chl a (mg g−1 Fresh Weight) | Chl b (mg g−1 Fresh Weight) | Total Chl (mg g−1 Fresh Weight) | Carotenoids (mg g−1 Fresh Weight) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (mM) | ||||||
0 | 63.43 a | 5.83 c | 7.78 a | 2.75 a | 10.53 a | 2.86 b |
25 | 36.52 b | 6.68 b | 7.41 b | 2.88 a | 10.30 a | 3.24 a |
50 | 28.54 b | 10.53 a | 5.96 c | 2.38 b | 8.35 b | 2.63 c |
Nano-Silicon Dioxide (mg L−1) | ||||||
S1 | 35.53 b | 8.36 a | 6.48 c | 2.38 c | 8.86 c | 2.66 c |
S2 | 43.74 ab | 7.06 bcd | 6.87 bc | 2.46 c | 9.34 bc | 2.69 c |
S3 | 45.89 ab | 7.69 abc | 6.68 c | 2.39 c | 9.08 c | 2.82 bc |
S4 | 43.22 ab | 7.91 ab | 7.57 a | 3.11 a | 10.68 a | 3.02 ab |
S5 | 42.57 ab | 6.03 d | 7.53 a | 2.96 a | 10.50 a | 3.23 a |
S6 | 47.12 a | 6.61 cd | 7.18 ab | 2.71 b | 9.89 b | 3.03 ab |
Analysis of Variance | ||||||
Salinity | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Nano-silicon dioxide | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Salininty × Nano-silicon dioxide | * | * | ** | ** | ** | ** |
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Avestan, S.; Ghasemnezhad, M.; Esfahani, M.; Byrt, C.S. Application of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Strawberry Plants. Agronomy 2019, 9, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050246
Avestan S, Ghasemnezhad M, Esfahani M, Byrt CS. Application of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Strawberry Plants. Agronomy. 2019; 9(5):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050246
Chicago/Turabian StyleAvestan, Saber, Mahmood Ghasemnezhad, Masoud Esfahani, and Caitlin S. Byrt. 2019. "Application of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Strawberry Plants" Agronomy 9, no. 5: 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050246