Next Article in Journal
A Switch from Cell-Associated to Soluble PDGF-B Protects against Atherosclerosis, despite Driving Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Next Article in Special Issue
Implant Fibrosis and the Underappreciated Role of Myofibroblasts in the Foreign Body Reaction
Previous Article in Journal
High Intakes of Bioavailable Phosphate May Promote Systemic Oxidative Stress and Vascular Calcification by Boosting Mitochondrial Membrane Potential—Is Good Magnesium Status an Antidote?
Previous Article in Special Issue
Substrate Stiffness and Stretch Regulate Profibrotic Mechanosignaling in Pulmonary Arterial Adventitial Fibroblasts
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cells
Volume 10
Issue 7
10.3390/cells10071745
cells-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Piezo1 Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Mediates Stretch-Induced Nppb Expression in Adult Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts

by
Meike C. Ploeg
1,
Chantal Munts
1,
Frits W. Prinzen
1,
Neil A. Turner
2,3,
Marc van Bilsen
1 and
Frans A. van Nieuwenhoven
1,*
1
Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
2
Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
3
Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2021, 10(7), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071745
Submission received: 28 May 2021 / Revised: 5 July 2021 / Accepted: 7 July 2021 / Published: 9 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Signaling and Fibrosis)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In response to stretch, cardiac tissue produces natriuretic peptides, which have been suggested to have beneficial effects in heart failure patients. In the present study, we explored the mechanism of stretch-induced brain natriuretic peptide (Nppb) expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Primary adult rat cardiac fibroblasts subjected to 4 h or 24 h of cyclic stretch (10% 1 Hz) showed a 6.6-fold or 3.2-fold (p < 0.05) increased mRNA expression of Nppb, as well as induction of genes related to myofibroblast differentiation. Moreover, BNP protein secretion was upregulated 5.3-fold in stretched cardiac fibroblasts. Recombinant BNP inhibited TGFβ1-induced Acta2 expression. Nppb expression was >20-fold higher in cardiomyocytes than in cardiac fibroblasts, indicating that cardiac fibroblasts were not the main source of Nppb in the healthy heart. Yoda1, an agonist of the Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channel, increased Nppb expression 2.1-fold (p < 0.05) and significantly induced other extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling genes. Silencing of Piezo1 reduced the stretch-induced Nppb and Tgfb1 expression in cardiac fibroblasts. In conclusion, our study identifies Piezo1 as mediator of stretch-induced Nppb expression, as well as other remodeling genes, in cardiac fibroblasts.

1. Introduction

Mechanical factors influence the form and function of cells [1,2,3,4]. Specifically in the heart, mechanical signals include the forces of cyclic contraction and relaxation of the myocardial walls and the hemodynamic load leading to stretch of the cardiac chambers during the filling phase, and increased wall stress during the contraction phase [5]. These factors are known to regulate myocardial function, gene expression and structural appearance [6,7].
Cardiovascular tissue is composed of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, vascular and immune cells which reside within the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) [8]. The ECM provides structure, transmits mechanical forces and modulates cell function [8,9]. Cardiac fibroblasts play an important role in the regulation of the ECM, by synthesizing structural ECM proteins (i.e., collagens), ECM degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs and TIMPs) [10], growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and matricellular proteins like tenascin C (TNC) [11] and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) [12]. Matricellular proteins gain increasing attention for their significant role in cardiac remodeling [11]. In response to injury, cardiac fibroblasts become activated and differentiate to so-called myofibroblasts [10,13]. These myofibroblasts have special morphological and functional characteristics, such as the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (aSMA, encoded by ACTA2 gene) [10,14]. TGFβ1 is known as established stimulus for myofibroblast differentiation [15,16]. Even though myofibroblast differentiation is an essential process in normal wound healing, it can result in pathological fibrosis in cases of prolonged injury or loss of regulatory mechanisms [8]. In addition to biochemical factors, mechanical cues such as mechanical strain and ECM stiffness also play an important role in regulating myofibroblast differentiation [17,18]. Cardiac fibroblasts express a number of different mechanosensitive ions channels that are coupled to alteration of cellular phenotype and function [19].
Cardiovascular tissues can produce natriuretic peptides in response to wall stretch [20,21,22,23,24]. There are three types of natriuretic peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, encoded by NPPA gene), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP, encoded by NPPB gene), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP, encoded by NPPC gene) [25,26]. ANP and BNP are found in multiple tissues, but they are produced primarily in the cardiac atria or ventricles, respectively [27,28,29,30]. CNP is mainly produced in the endothelium [27,31]. Cyclic stretch induced increased Nppa and Nppb expression in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes [32] and human embryonic stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) [33].
BNP inhibits collagen production and fibroblast proliferation [10], and the TGFβ-activation of pro-fibrotic and inflammatory genes in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts [34]. Nppb knock out mice subjected to pressure overload by aortic constriction show increased fibrosis as well as increased mRNA levels of Tgfb3 and Col1a1 [35]. The beneficial effects of BNP in the heart has led to pharmacotherapy aimed at increasing BNP signaling in heart failure patients [36,37].
While it is generally accepted that cardiomyocytes produce BNP [32,38,39,40,41,42], some studies show that it is also synthesized by cardiac fibroblasts [10,24,38,43]. A recent paper found that stretch of human cardiac fibroblasts increased NPPB expression [43]. However, the mechanism of stretch-induced NPPB expression in cardiac fibroblasts is unknown. Blythe and colleagues very recently identified the presence of Piezo1 as a functional Ca2+-permeable mechanosensitive ion channel in both murine and human cardiac fibroblasts [44]. Therefore, we hypothesized that stretch-induced NPPB expression by cardiac fibroblasts is mediated by the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Isolation of Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes

Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from cardiac ventricles (combined left and right) of adult surplus rats (n = 31) from any age, weight, sex or breed. Most of the rats used were either from the Lewis or Wistar strain and aged between 5 and 52 weeks. Rat cardiac ventricular fibroblasts were isolated and cultured as previously described [9,45,46] in Dulbecco’s modified eagles medium (DMEM; no. 22320, Gibco, Invitrogen, Breda, the Netherlands) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco), gentamicin (50 µg/mL, Gibco), 1% (v/v) Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium-Sodium Pyruvate (ITS-A, Gibco) and basic fibroblast growth factor (1 ng/mL, Gibco) (“CF culture medium”). The vast majority of these cells are fibroblast-like cells and these primary fibroblasts were used between passage 1–3. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from the left ventricle of adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 age 10–20 weeks) essentially as described previously [32,47]. Experiments were performed with approval of the Animal Ethical Committee of Maastricht University (DEC-2007-116, July 31, 2007) and conform to the national legislation for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

2.2. Experimental Stretch Protocols

Cardiac fibroblasts (10,000 cells/cm2) were plated on bioflex plates (6-well Bioflex plates, precoated with collagen-I, Flexcell Dunn Labortechnik, Asbach, Germany) in CF culture medium. The next day, CF culture medium was replaced by DMEM supplemented with gentamicin (50 µg/mL, Gibco). After 24 h, cardiac fibroblasts were subjected to 10% cyclic (1 Hz) equibiaxial stretch, (Flexcell FX-4000 strain unit, Dunn Labortechnik) for 4 h, 6 h or 24 h. Control, non-stretched cells were subjected to identical conditions however, without stretch being applied.

2.3. Experimental Stimuli

To determine regulation and effects of BNP, cardiac fibroblasts (10,000 cells/cm2) were serum-starved for 24 h before incubation with TGFβ1 (1 ng/mL, R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), Yoda1 (10 µM, Tocris, Bristol, UK) and BNP (1 µM, R&D systems) for 4 h or 24 h.

2.4. Gene Expression Analysis

Total RNA was isolated from cells using an RNA isolation kit (Omega Biotek, Norcross, GA, USA) and reversed transcribed into cDNA using the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time PCR was performed on an iCycler accompanied by the My IQ single color real-time PCR detection system using iQ SYBR-Green Supermix (Biorad) [9]. Gene expression levels of Alpha-smooth muscle actin (Acta2), Connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), Transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgfb1), Tenascin C (Tnc), Piezo1, Atrial Natriuretic peptide (Nppa), C-Type natriuretic peptide (Nppc) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Nppb) were normalized using the housekeeping gene Cyclophilin-A (Cyclo), and their relative expression was calculated using the comparative threshold cycle (Ct) method by calculating 2ΔCt (e.g., 2(Cyclophilin Ct –BNP Ct)). The gene expression values were multiplied by 1000 (formula 1000 * 2ΔCt), to enhance readability. The sequences of the specific primers used are provided below (Table 1).

2.5. BNP ELISA

Conditioned media were collected after the 24 h stretch-experiments and stored at −80 °C for subsequent analysis. The conditioned media were concentrated (approximately 10-fold) using Amicon Ultra 3k devices (Merck-Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and the concentration of BNP was determined by ELISA (ab108815, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.6. Gene Silencing

Cardiac fibroblasts (10,000 cells/cm2) were plated on bioflex plates (6-well Bioflex plates, precoated with collagen-I, Flexcell Dunn Labortechnik) in CF culture medium and transfected with 10 nM Piezo1-specific Silencer Select Pre-Designed siRNA (4390771, siRNA s107968, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) or Silencer Select Negative Control No. 1 siRNA (4390843, Life Technologies) using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX reagent (Life Technologies) in Opti-MEM (Gibco) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After 72 h cells were exposed to the stretch protocol described above.

2.7. Statistics

Data are presented as mean or individual data points and were analyzed with Wilcoxon matched pairs test or Friedman test, with Dunn posthoc test where appropriate. Differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Mechanical Stretch Induces BNP Expression in Cardiac Fibroblasts

Cardiac fibroblasts exposed to cyclic stretch (10%, 1 Hz) for 4 h showed a significant increase in mRNA expression of Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf and Acta2 compared to non-stretched controls (Figure 1a). After 24 h of cyclic stretch the effect remained for Tgfb1, Ctgf and Acta2 (Figure 1b). Interestingly, Nppb mRNA expression was significantly upregulated by 6.6-fold after 4 h stretch (Figure 1a) and 3.2-fold after 24 h stretch (Figure 1b) compared to non-stretched controls. BNP-protein secretion was upregulated by 5.3-fold in stretched cells compared to non-stretched cells, measured from conditioned media after 24 h stretch (Figure 1c). mRNA expression of Nppa and Nppc were below the detection limit. Cyclic stretch did not influence the mRNA expression of the mechanosenstive ion channel Piezo1 after 4 h (Figure 1a) or 24 h (Figure 1b)

3.2. Recombinant BNP Inhibits Profibrotic Gene Expression in Cardiac Fibroblasts

To confirm the anti-fibrotic effect of BNP [34], cardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with recombinant BNP with or without TGFβ1 for 4 h or 24 h. The expression of Acta2 and Ctgf in cardiac fibroblasts was investigated by RT-qPCR. Acta2 showed a significant reduction in expression after the addition of BNP, with and without TGFβ1 after 4 h (Figure 2a). This effect was not maintained after 24 h (Figure 2b). A similar trend was observed for Ctgf, but this failed to reach statistical significance.

3.3. Both Cardiomyocytes and Cardiac Fibroblasts Express Nppb

To investigate the relative mRNA expression of Nppb by cardiac fibroblasts compared to cardiomyocytes, we performed RT-qPCR on adult rat cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiac fibroblasts showed 300-fold lower expression of Myh7 (myocyte marker) (Figure 3b) and 500-fold higher expression of Col1a1 compared to cardiomyocytes (Figure 3c). The Nppb expression in cardiomyocytes was 20-fold higher compared to cardiac fibroblasts, indicating that fibroblasts are not the main source of myocardial Nppb expression, at least under basal conditions (Figure 3a).

3.4. Stretch-Induced Nppb and Tgfb1 Expression Are Mediated by Piezo1

To gain insight into the functional role of Piezo1 activation in cardiac fibroblasts, we first investigated the effect of the Piezo1 agonist Yoda1. Treatment of unstretched fibroblasts with 10 µM Yoda1 for 4 h significantly increased mRNA expression of Tgfb1, Tnc and Nppb (Figure 4a). Yoda1 stimulation also gave a significant increased expression of Piezo1 mRNA.
Next, the effect of siRNA-mediated Piezo1 silencing was explored. Piezo1 silencing was successful in reducing the expression of Piezo1 by approximately 80% (Figure 4b). Piezo1 silencing increased the expression of Ctgf under non-stretched conditions, and the Tnc and Acta2 expression levels under stretch. The stretch-induced increase in Tgfb1 expression was absent following Piezo1-silencing (Figure 4b). Piezo1 silencing also prevented stretch-induced Nppb expression, supporting the hypothesis that stretched induced Nppb expression is Piezo1 mediated.

4. Discussion

The present study identifies Piezo1 as the mechanosensitive ion channel responsible for the stretch-induced Nppb and Tgfb1 expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Our study also confirms the finding of Watson and colleagues of stretch-induced Nppb upregulation in human ventricular cardiac fibroblasts [43] and the anti-fibrotic effect of BNP [10,34].
Natriuretic peptides are thought to be part of a potentially beneficial counter-regulatory system in heart failure [48]. BNP might prevent the development of cardiac fibrosis by serving as a cardiomyocyte-derived antifibrotic signal to cardiac fibroblasts during the process of cardiac remodeling [35]. However, others have shown Nppb expression by fibroblasts [10,38,49]. We confirmed the expression of Nppb in cardiac fibroblasts, on mRNA as well as protein level in response to cyclic stretch. Although expression levels of Nppb in our isolated cardiac fibroblasts were lower than found in isolated cardiomyocytes, it is important to note that the cells were derived from healthy animals. Furthermore, the locally produced BNP by cardiac fibroblasts might still have important autocrine or paracrine functions. Cyclic stretch also upregulated the mRNA expression of Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf and Acta2 after 4 h, which was maintained for all but Tnc after 24 h. Together, these genes are all related to myofibroblast differentiation and cardiac remodeling [10,11,12,14,15,16]. Their upregulation gives some implications on the process of myofibroblast differentiation being started or already ongoing. Cyclic stretch did not affect the mRNA expression of Piezo1, after 4 h or 24 h.
The antifibrotic effect of BNP has been shown previously [34], which we confirmed specifically for myofibroblast differentiation related gene Acta2. Therefore, it is possible that BNP produced by fibroblasts acts as a local autocrine/paracrine factor modulating cardiac fibroblast activation and tissue remodeling within the heart [50]. Differences between 4 h and 24 h incubation with BNP and/or TGFβ1 in our cell culture experiments might be due to the relative short half-life of both BNP and TGFβ1. Therefore, both products are degraded within hours and their effects might be stronger at 4 h as compared to 24 h.
The well-known Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 increased the mRNA expression on Nppb, Tgfb, Tnc and Piezo1. For Nppb, Tgfb1 and Tnc this is in accordance with the results of 4 h and 24 h of cyclic stretch, activating the Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channel. The effect of Yoda1 on Piezo1 expression levels is unexpected as previous experiments showed no effect of 24 h Yoda1 stimulation on Piezo1 expression levels in murine cardiac fibroblasts [44]. The induction of Piezo1 expression by its agonist Yoda1 implies a positive feedback loop, which merits further investigation. In contrast to Yoda1, cyclic stretch did not affect Piezo1 mRNA expression. A possible explanation for the difference between the cyclic stretch and Yoda1, might be that Yoda1 is a stronger stimulus than stretch. On the other hand, stretch significantly increased the mRNA expression of Acta2 and Ctgf after 4 h, but Yoda1 does not. This might be due to the low numbers of cardiac fibroblast isolations (n = 6) used in the Yoda1 experiment; Although no statistically significant difference was found, Yoda1 increased both Ctgf (p = 0.06) and Acta2 (p = 0.1) mRNA levels, which fits with the results from the stretch experiments.
Silencing Piezo1 increased the mRNA expression levels of Ctgf in non-stretched cells and of Tnc and Acta2 in stretched cells. It is possible that the Piezo1 channel is active under control conditions, and inhibits the expression of these genes. However, this would contradict our observation that Yoda1 (which activates Piezo1) stimulated Tnc expression. Possibly, silencing of Piezo1 led to cellular compensatory mechanisms that indirectly affected the expression of these genes. Obviously, the mechanisms by which Piezo1-silencing affected Ctgf, Tnc and Acta2 mRNA expression levels are not clear and further studies are warranted to investigate this. Previously, our colleagues from the Leeds group showed that IL-6 expression and secretion in cardiac fibroblasts was inhibited by Piezo1 silencing, indicating a role for Piezo1 signaling in the expression of this pro-inflammatory gene [44]. Interestingly, this was depending on substrate stiffness and/or composition as the effect was absent when cells were cultured on regular non-coated cell culture plates (rigid plastic) [18,44]. Stiffness of standard plastic culture plates are estimated in the gigapascal (GPa) range [51]. The Bioflex plates we have used for the stretch experiment have a stiffness 1000 times less (~1 megapascal, MPa) than those standard culture plates. However, the stiffness of healthy myocardial tissue is estimated to be 10 kilopascal (kPa) [51,52,53], making myocardial tissue stiffness 100 times less than the Bioflex plates. Therefore, even though the Bioflex plates are softer than regular culture plates, they are still stiff compared to healthy myocardial tissue. Of note, the stiffness of fibrotic myocardium is estimated at 20–100 kPa [51,52,53]. It has also been shown previously that Piezo1 reacts to stiffness, in both stem cells [54] and atrial fibroblasts [55].
In the present study, we did not investigate the mechanism of Piezo1-induced effects on gene expression. However, the Leeds group has reported on how Il-6 expression is linked to Piezo1 [44]. They suggest an important role for the p38 MAPK pathway in Piezo1-induced Il-6 gene expression, in which p38 activation was depending on extracellular Ca2+. A similar activation pathway might be the case for Nppb or Tgfb1, but the mechanism of Piezo1 activation on Nppb or Tgfb1 expression requires further research.
In conclusion, the present study shows that both stretch-induced Nppb and Tgfb1 expression in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts is mediated by the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1. Furthermore, BNP protein levels were upregulated in stretched cardiac fibroblasts and recombinant BNP inhibited TGFβ1-induced Acta2 expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Together, these results indicate that Piezo1 is an important mechanosensitive ion channel mediating stretch-induced activation of cardiac fibroblasts.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.C.P., M.v.B., F.A.v.N.; performed experiments and produced data M.C.P., C.M.; data analyses, M.C.P., C.M., F.A.v.N.; writing—original draft preparation, M.C.P., F.A.v.N.; writing—review and editing, M.C.P., C.M., F.W.P., N.A.T., M.v.B., F.A.v.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Hoffman, B.D.; Grashoff, C.; Schwartz, M.A. Dynamic molecular processes mediate cellular mechanotransduction. Nature 2011, 475, 316–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Orr, A.W.; Helmke, B.P.; Blackman, B.R.; Schwartz, M.A. Mechanisms of mechanotransduction. Dev. Cell 2006, 10, 11–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Chen, C.S. Mechanotransduction–a field pulling together? J. Cell Sci 2008, 121, 3285–3292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Geiger, B.; Spatz, J.P.; Bershadsky, A.D. Environmental sensing through focal adhesions. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol 2009, 10, 21–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Zimmermann, W.H. Biomechanical regulation of in vitro cardiogenesis for tissue-engineered heart repair. Stem Cell Res. 2013, 4, 137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Grossman, W.; Jones, D.; McLaurin, L.P. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J. Clin. Investig. 1975, 56, 56–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Toischer, K.; Rokita, A.G.; Unsold, B.; Zhu, W.; Kararigas, G.; Sossalla, S.; Reuter, S.P.; Becker, A.; Teucher, N.; Seidler, T.; et al. Differential cardiac remodeling in preload versus afterload. Circulation 2010, 122, 993–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Frangogiannis, N.G. The extracellular matrix in myocardial injury, repair, and remodeling. J. Clin. Invest. 2017, 127, 1600–1612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Van Nieuwenhoven, F.A.; Munts, C.; Op ‘t Veld, R.C.; Gonzalez, A.; Diez, J.; Heymans, S.; Schroen, B.; van Bilsen, M. Cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 (CILP1): A novel mediator of cardiac extracellular matrix remodelling. Sci Rep. 2017, 7, 16042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Tsuruda, T.; Boerrigter, G.; Huntley, B.K.; Noser, J.A.; Cataliotti, A.; Costello-Boerrigter, L.C.; Chen, H.H.; Burnett, J.C., Jr. Brain natriuretic Peptide is produced in cardiac fibroblasts and induces matrix metalloproteinases. Circ. Res. 2002, 91, 1127–1134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  11. Imanaka-Yoshida, K. Tenascin-C in cardiovascular tissue remodeling: From development to inflammation and repair. Circ. J. 2012, 76, 2513–2520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Daniels, A.; van Bilsen, M.; Goldschmeding, R.; van der Vusse, G.J.; van Nieuwenhoven, F.A. Connective tissue growth factor and cardiac fibrosis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009, 195, 321–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Powell, D.W.; Mifflin, R.C.; Valentich, J.D.; Crowe, S.E.; Saada, J.I.; West, A.B. Myofibroblasts. I. Paracrine cells important in health and disease. Am. J. Physiol 1999, 277, C1–C9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. van den Borne, S.W.; Diez, J.; Blankesteijn, W.M.; Verjans, J.; Hofstra, L.; Narula, J. Myocardial remodeling after infarction: The role of myofibroblasts. Nat. Rev. Cardiol 2010, 7, 30–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Tarbit, E.; Singh, I.; Peart, J.N.; Rose’Meyer, R.B. Biomarkers for the identification of cardiac fibroblast and myofibroblast cells. Heart Fail. Rev. 2019, 24, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Swaney, J.S.; Roth, D.M.; Olson, E.R.; Naugle, J.E.; Meszaros, J.G.; Insel, P.A. Inhibition of cardiac myofibroblast formation and collagen synthesis by activation and overexpression of adenylyl cyclase. Proc. Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102, 437–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Hinz, B. The myofibroblast: Paradigm for a mechanically active cell. J. Biomech 2010, 43, 146–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Yong, K.W.; Li, Y.; Huang, G.; Lu, T.J.; Safwani, W.K.; Pingguan-Murphy, B.; Xu, F. Mechanoregulation of cardiac myofibroblast differentiation: Implications for cardiac fibrosis and therapy. Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol 2015, 309, H532–H542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Stewart, L.; Turner, N.A. Channelling the Force to Reprogram the Matrix: Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells 2021, 10, 990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Kinnunen, P.; Vuolteenaho, O.; Ruskoaho, H. Mechanisms of Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptide Release From Rat Ventricular Myocardium: Effect of Stretching. Endocrinology 1993, 132, 1961–1970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Toth, M.; Vuorinen, K.H.; Vuolteenaho, O.; Hassinen, I.E.; Uusimaa, P.A.; Leppaluoto, J.; Ruskoaho, H. Hypoxia stimulates release of ANP and BNP from perfused rat ventricular myocardium. Am. J. Physiol 1994, 266, H1572–H1580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Zois, N.E.; Bartels, E.D.; Hunter, I.; Kousholt, B.S.; Olsen, L.H.; Goetze, J.P. Natriuretic peptides in cardiometabolic regulation and disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol 2014, 11, 403–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Fu, S.; Ping, P.; Wang, F.; Luo, L. Synthesis, secretion, function, metabolism and application of natriuretic peptides in heart failure. J. Biol Eng 2018, 12, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Jarai, R.; Kaun, C.; Weiss, T.W.; Speidl, W.S.; Rychli, K.; Maurer, G.; Huber, K.; Wojta, J. Human cardiac fibroblasts express B-type natriuretic peptide: Fluvastatin ameliorates its up-regulation by interleukin-1alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2009, 13, 4415–4421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Del Ry, S.; Cabiati, M.; Lionetti, V.; Emdin, M.; Recchia, F.A.; Giannessi, D. Expression of C-type natriuretic peptide and of its receptor NPR-B in normal and failing heart. Peptides 2008, 29, 2208–2215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Maisel, A.S.; Duran, J.M.; Wettersten, N. Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure: Atrial and B-type Natriuretic Peptides. Heart Fail. Clin. 2018, 14, 13–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Forte, M.; Madonna, M.; Schiavon, S.; Valenti, V.; Versaci, F.; Zoccai, G.B.; Frati, G.; Sciarretta, S. Cardiovascular Pleiotropic Effects of Natriuretic Peptides. Int J. Mol. Sci 2019, 20, 3874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. He, X.L.; Dukkipati, A.; Garcia, K.C. Structural determinants of natriuretic peptide receptor specificity and degeneracy. J. Mol. Biol 2006, 361, 698–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Matsuo, A.; Nagai-Okatani, C.; Nishigori, M.; Kangawa, K.; Minamino, N. Natriuretic peptides in human heart: Novel insight into their molecular forms, functions, and diagnostic use. Peptides 2019, 111, 3–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Potter, L.R.; Yoder, A.R.; Flora, D.R.; Antos, L.K.; Dickey, D.M. Natriuretic peptides: Their structures, receptors, physiologic functions and therapeutic applications. Handb Exp. Pharm. 2009, 341–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Moyes, A.J.; Chu, S.M.; Aubdool, A.A.; Dukinfield, M.S.; Margulies, K.B.; Bedi, K.C.; Hodivala-Dilke, K.; Baliga, R.S.; Hobbs, A.J. C-type natriuretic peptide co-ordinates cardiac structure and function. Eur Heart J. 2020, 41, 1006–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Blaauw, E.; van Nieuwenhoven, F.A.; Willemsen, P.; Delhaas, T.; Prinzen, F.W.; Snoeckx, L.H.; van Bilsen, M.; van der Vusse, G.J. Stretch-induced hypertrophy of isolated adult rabbit cardiomyocytes. Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol 2010, 299, H780–H787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Ovchinnikova, E.; Hoes, M.; Ustyantsev, K.; Bomer, N.; de Jong, T.V.; van der Mei, H.; Berezikov, E.; van der Meer, P. Modeling Human Cardiac Hypertrophy in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Rep. 2018, 10, 794–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. Kapoun, A.M.; Liang, F.; O’Young, G.; Damm, D.L.; Quon, D.; White, R.T.; Munson, K.; Lam, A.; Schreiner, G.F.; Protter, A.A. B-type natriuretic peptide exerts broad functional opposition to transforming growth factor-beta in primary human cardiac fibroblasts: Fibrosis, myofibroblast conversion, proliferation, and inflammation. Circ. Res. 2004, 94, 453–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  35. Tamura, N.; Ogawa, Y.; Chusho, H.; Nakamura, K.; Nakao, K.; Suda, M.; Kasahara, M.; Hashimoto, R.; Katsuura, G.; Mukoyama, M.; et al. Cardiac fibrosis in mice lacking brain natriuretic peptide. Proc. Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97, 4239–4244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Ichiki, T.; Dzhoyashvili, N.; Burnett, J.C., Jr. Natriuretic peptide based therapeutics for heart failure: Cenderitide: A novel first-in-class designer natriuretic peptide. Int J. Cardiol 2019, 281, 166–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Jhund, P.S.; McMurray, J.J. The neprilysin pathway in heart failure: A review and guide on the use of sacubitril/valsartan. Heart 2016, 102, 1342–1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  38. Makino, N.; Sugano, M.; Satoh, S.; Oyama, J.; Maeda, T. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Ligands Attenuate Brain Natriuretic Peptide Production and Affect Remodeling in Cardiac Fibroblasts in Reoxygenation After Hypoxia. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2006, 44, 065–072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Morita, E.; Yasue, H.; Yoshimura, M.; Ogawa, H.; Jougasaki, M.; Matsumura, T.; Mukoyama, M.; Nakao, K. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993, 88, 82–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  40. Nishikimi, T.; Yoshihara, F.; Morimoto, A.; Ishikawa, K.; Ishimitsu, T.; Saito, Y.; Kangawa, K.; Matsuo, H.; Omae, T.; Matsuoka, H. Relationship Between Left Ventricular Geometry and Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Essential Hypertension. Hypertension 1996, 28, 22–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Koglin, J.; Pehlivanli, S.; Schwaiblmair, M.; Vogeser, M.; Cremer, P.; vonScheidt, W. Role of brain natriuretic peptide in risk stratification of patients with congestive heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001, 38, 1934–1941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Nishikimi, T.; Maeda, N.; Matsuoka, H. The role of natriuretic peptides in cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res. 2006, 69, 318–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Watson, C.J.; Phelan, D.; Xu, M.; Collier, P.; Neary, R.; Smolenski, A.; Ledwidge, M.; McDonald, K.; Baugh, J. Mechanical stretch up-regulates the B-type natriuretic peptide system in human cardiac fibroblasts: A possible defense against transforming growth factor-beta mediated fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2012, 5, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Blythe, N.M.; Muraki, K.; Ludlow, M.J.; Stylianidis, V.; Gilbert, H.T.J.; Evans, E.L.; Cuthbertson, K.; Foster, R.; Swift, J.; Li, J.; et al. Mechanically activated Piezo1 channels of cardiac fibroblasts stimulate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and interleukin-6 secretion. J. Biol Chem 2019, 294, 17395–17408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  45. Turner, N.A.; Porter, K.E.; Smith, W.H.T.; White, H.L.; Ball, S.G.; Balmforth, A.J. Chronic β2-adrenergic receptor stimulation increases proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts via an autocrine mechanism. Cardiovasc. Res. 2003, 57, 784–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Van Nieuwenhoven, F.A.; Hemmings, K.E.; Porter, K.E.; Turner, N.A. Combined effects of interleukin-1α and transforming growth factor-β1 on modulation of human cardiac fibroblast function. Matrix Biol. 2013, 32, 399–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Blaauw, E.; Lorenzen-Schmidt, I.; Babiker, F.A.; Munts, C.; Prinzen, F.W.; Snoeckx, L.H.; van Bilsen, M.; van der Vusse, G.J.; van Nieuwenhoven, F.A. Stretch-induced upregulation of connective tissue growth factor in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J. Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2013, 6, 861–869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. McMurray, J.J.; Packer, M.; Desai, A.S.; Gong, J.; Lefkowitz, M.P.; Rizkala, A.R.; Rouleau, J.; Shi, V.C.; Solomon, S.D.; Swedberg, K.; et al. Dual angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition as an alternative to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: Rationale for and design of the Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM-HF). Eur J. Heart Fail. 2013, 15, 1062–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  49. Calderone, A.; Bel-Hadj, S.; Drapeau, J.; El-Helou, V.; Gosselin, H.; Clement, R.; Villeneuve, L. Scar myofibroblasts of the infarcted rat heart express natriuretic peptides. J. Cell Physiol 2006, 207, 165–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Kuhn, M.; Volker, K.; Schwarz, K.; Carbajo-Lozoya, J.; Flogel, U.; Jacoby, C.; Stypmann, J.; van Eickels, M.; Gambaryan, S.; Hartmann, M.; et al. The natriuretic peptide/guanylyl cyclase--a system functions as a stress-responsive regulator of angiogenesis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2009, 119, 2019–2030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  51. Herum, K.M.; Lunde, I.G.; McCulloch, A.D.; Christensen, G. The Soft- and Hard-Heartedness of Cardiac Fibroblasts: Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in Fibrosis of the Heart. J. Clin. Med. 2017, 6, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Berry, M.F.; Engler, A.J.; Woo, Y.J.; Pirolli, T.J.; Bish, L.T.; Jayasankar, V.; Morine, K.J.; Gardner, T.J.; Discher, D.E.; Sweeney, H.L. Mesenchymal stem cell injection after myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance. Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol 2006, 290, H2196–H2203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Engler, A.J.; Carag-Krieger, C.; Johnson, C.P.; Raab, M.; Tang, H.Y.; Speicher, D.W.; Sanger, J.W.; Sanger, J.M.; Discher, D.E. Embryonic cardiomyocytes beat best on a matrix with heart-like elasticity: Scar-like rigidity inhibits beating. J. Cell Sci 2008, 121, 3794–3802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Chen, X.; Wanggou, S.; Bodalia, A.; Zhu, M.; Dong, W.; Fan, J.J.; Yin, W.C.; Min, H.K.; Hu, M.; Draghici, D.; et al. A Feedforward Mechanism Mediated by Mechanosensitive Ion Channel PIEZO1 and Tissue Mechanics Promotes Glioma Aggression. Neuron 2018, 100, 799–815 e797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  55. Emig, R.; Knodt, W.; Krussig, M.J.; Zgierski-Johnston, C.M.; Gorka, O.; Gross, O.; Kohl, P.; Ravens, U.; Peyronnet, R. Piezo1 Channels Contribute to the Regulation of Human Atrial Fibroblast Mechanical Properties and Matrix Stiffness Sensing. Cells 2021, 10, 663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cells 10 01745 g001 550
Figure 1. Relative mRNA expression levels of Nppb, Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf, Acta2, and Piezo1 in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to 10% 1 Hz cyclic stretch (S) or non-stretched (NS) conditions for 4 h (n = 5–12) (a) or 24 h (n = 5–12) (b). BNP-protein concentration in conditioned media from stretched and non-stretched cardiac fibroblasts (n = 4) (c). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Bar indicates mean.
Figure 1. Relative mRNA expression levels of Nppb, Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf, Acta2, and Piezo1 in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to 10% 1 Hz cyclic stretch (S) or non-stretched (NS) conditions for 4 h (n = 5–12) (a) or 24 h (n = 5–12) (b). BNP-protein concentration in conditioned media from stretched and non-stretched cardiac fibroblasts (n = 4) (c). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Bar indicates mean.
Cells 10 01745 g001
Cells 10 01745 g002 550
Figure 2. Relative mRNA expression levels of Ctgf and Acta2 in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to recombinant BNP and/or TGFβ1 after 4 h (a) and 24 h (b) (n = 8) * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. Bar indicates mean.
Figure 2. Relative mRNA expression levels of Ctgf and Acta2 in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to recombinant BNP and/or TGFβ1 after 4 h (a) and 24 h (b) (n = 8) * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. Bar indicates mean.
Cells 10 01745 g002
Cells 10 01745 g003 550
Figure 3. Relative mRNA expression levels of Nppb (a) Myh7 (b) and Col1a1 (c) in cardiomyocytes (CM) (n = 6) and cardiac fibroblasts (CF) (n = 5) (presented on a logarithmic scale). Bar indicates mean.
Figure 3. Relative mRNA expression levels of Nppb (a) Myh7 (b) and Col1a1 (c) in cardiomyocytes (CM) (n = 6) and cardiac fibroblasts (CF) (n = 5) (presented on a logarithmic scale). Bar indicates mean.
Cells 10 01745 g003
Cells 10 01745 g004 550
Figure 4. Relative mRNA expression levels of Nppb, Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf, Acta2, and Piezo1 in cardiac fibroblasts after stimulation with Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 after 4 h (n = 6) (a) Relative mRNA expression of Nppb, Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf, Acta2, and Piezo1 in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to 10% 1 Hz cyclic stretch for 6 h (S) or non-stretched (NS) conditions after transfection with either control siRNA (Scrambled SI) or Piezo1-specific siRNA (Piezo1 SI) (n = 6) (b) * p < 0.05. Bar indicates mean.
Figure 4. Relative mRNA expression levels of Nppb, Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf, Acta2, and Piezo1 in cardiac fibroblasts after stimulation with Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 after 4 h (n = 6) (a) Relative mRNA expression of Nppb, Tgfb1, Tnc, Ctgf, Acta2, and Piezo1 in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to 10% 1 Hz cyclic stretch for 6 h (S) or non-stretched (NS) conditions after transfection with either control siRNA (Scrambled SI) or Piezo1-specific siRNA (Piezo1 SI) (n = 6) (b) * p < 0.05. Bar indicates mean.
Cells 10 01745 g004
Table
Table 1. Gene-specific primer sequences used for quantitative real-time PCR.
Table 1. Gene-specific primer sequences used for quantitative real-time PCR.
GeneForward PrimerReverse Primer
Alpha-smooth muscle actin (Acta2)AAGGCCAACCGGGAGAAAATAGTCCAGCACAATACCAGTTGT
Connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf)CACAGAGTGGAGCGCCTGTTCGATGCACTTTTTGCCCTTCTTAATG
Transforming growth factor, beta 1 (Tgfb1)GCACCATCCATGACATGAACGCTGAAGCAGTAGTTGGTATC
Tenascin C (Tnc)TCTGTCCTGGACTGCTGATGTGGCCTCTCTGAGACCTGTT
Piezo1TTGCGTACGTTCACGAAGGATTCGCTCACGTAAAGCTGGT
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (Nppa)ATCACCAAGGGCTTCTTCCTTGTTGGACACCGCACTGTAT
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Nppb)AGACAGCTCTCAAAGGACCACTATCTTCTGCCCAAAGCAG
C-Type natriuretic peptide (Nppc)ACAAAGGCGGCAACAAGAAGGCAGTTCCCAATCCGCCG
Cyclophilin-A (Cyclo)CAAATGCTGGACCAAACACAATTCACCTTCCCAAAGACCACAT
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ploeg, M.C.; Munts, C.; Prinzen, F.W.; Turner, N.A.; van Bilsen, M.; van Nieuwenhoven, F.A. Piezo1 Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Mediates Stretch-Induced Nppb Expression in Adult Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells 2021, 10, 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071745

AMA Style

Ploeg MC, Munts C, Prinzen FW, Turner NA, van Bilsen M, van Nieuwenhoven FA. Piezo1 Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Mediates Stretch-Induced Nppb Expression in Adult Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells. 2021; 10(7):1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071745

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ploeg, Meike C., Chantal Munts, Frits W. Prinzen, Neil A. Turner, Marc van Bilsen, and Frans A. van Nieuwenhoven. 2021. "Piezo1 Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Mediates Stretch-Induced Nppb Expression in Adult Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts" Cells 10, no. 7: 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071745

APA Style

Ploeg, M. C., Munts, C., Prinzen, F. W., Turner, N. A., van Bilsen, M., & van Nieuwenhoven, F. A. (2021). Piezo1 Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Mediates Stretch-Induced Nppb Expression in Adult Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells, 10(7), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071745

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop