Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Genome Editing in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principle of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Technology
3. Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screens in GBM Research
Tumor Model | Type of Screen | References |
---|---|---|
SNB19 | Genome-scale CRISPR knockout screen | [43] |
U138MG | Large-scale CRISPR-Cas9 mediated loss of function screen | [46] |
GSCs | Whole-genome CRISPR screening | [49] |
U87MG | CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screen | [51] |
GBM3565, GSC23 | CRISPRi screen | [52] |
Patient-derived GSCs | Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens | [48] |
Mice | In vivo CRISPR screen | [45] |
Patient-derived GSCs and human NSCs | Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen | [50] |
U87MG and U87MG-EGFRvIII cells | Pooled genome wide CRISPR screening | [44] |
4. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 to Identifying Genetic Regulators of Autophagy in GBM
5. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 to Identifying genetic Regulators of Apoptosis in GBM
Target Gene | Type of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing | GBM Model | References |
---|---|---|---|
ERN1 IGFBP3 IGFBP5 | Knockout | U251 | [63] |
FAT1 | Knockout | U251MG | [59] |
CHAF1A | Knockout | U251MG, U87MG | [65] |
GLI1 | Knock down | GBM28 | [61] |
TRIM45 | Knockout | U87MG LN229 | [62] |
RGS4 | Knockout | GSC20 | [64] |
ATM | Knockouts | LN18, LN229 | [58] |
Podoplanin (PDPN) | Knockout | GBMF2, GBMF3, LN308, LN319 | [60] |
ATG5 ATG7 | Knockout | MZ-54 GBM cells | [57] |
ATG5 | knockout | TGS01 or TGS04 | [55] |
C14-IP-3 | CRISPR-induced activation | LN229 | [35] |
6. Use of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing for Identifying Genetic Regulators of Angiogenesis in GBM
7. CRISPR-Cas9 Editing of the Genes for Down Regulation of Cell Invasion and Migration in GBM
Target Gene | Type of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing | GBM Model | References |
---|---|---|---|
QKI | Knockout | GSCs | [81] |
PAX6 | Knockout | U251 | [77] |
NRP1 and NRP2 | Knockout | U87MG | [42] |
ATRX | Knockdown | U251, LN229 | [75] |
TP53 exon 4 | Homologous recombination to disrupt the TP53 | Cerebral organoids of human embryonic stem cell line (H9) | [82] |
C14-IP-3 | CRISPR-induced activation | LN229 | [35] |
AhR | Knockdown | Patient-derived 15-037 cells | [39] |
KDM6B | CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) | U87MG and U251 | [79] |
TEAD1 or TEAD4 | Knockout | Patient-derived GBM cells | [80] |
PDPN | Knockdown | GBMF3 | [60] |
DCX | Overexpression or knockdown | Rat C6 and human U251 cell lines | [74] |
ZEB1 | Knockdown | Bevacizumab-resistant xenograft models | [76] |
Dazl | Knockdown | A172, U251, and LN229 cell lines | [22] |
DDX39B | Knockdown | GBM34, GBM44, GSCs | [70] |
RGS4 | Knockout | GSC20 and GSC28 | [64] |
Nanos3 | Knockdown | GBM | [41] |
Caveolin-1 and cavin | Knockout | U251 | [78] |
ATM | Knockout | LN18 LN229 | [58] |
8. CRISPR-Cas9 Editing of the Inflammatory and Immune Response Genes in GBM
9. CRISPR-Cas9 Editing of the Genes That Provide Proliferative Signals in GBM
Target Gene | Type of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing | GBM Model | References |
---|---|---|---|
Laminin-411 | Knockout | U87MG and LN229 and patient derived GBM cell lines TS543 and TS576 | [94] |
KIF3A and IFT88 | Knockout | L0 | [95] |
KDM6B | CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) | U87MG and U251MG | [79] |
AIM2 | Knockout | U251MG | [83] |
H3K27M | Knockout | HGG lines | [98] |
PDPN | Knockout | GBMF2, GBMF3, and human GBM cell lines LN308 and LN319 | [60] |
SRSF3 | Knockout | GSCs | [99] |
ATM | Knockout | LN18 and LN229 | [58] |
DCX | High DCX expression or knockdown | Rat C6 and human U251MG | [74] |
TERT promoter | Correction of mutated TERT promoter | U87, U251 | [86] |
tRNAiMet | Knockdown | U251 | [89] |
HOTAIRM1 | Knockdown | U251MG | [87] |
CXCR7 CXCL16 or CX3CL1 | Knockouts | LN229 | [97] |
RGS4 | Knockouts | GSC20 and GSC28 | [64] |
Nanos3 | knockdown | A172, U251, and LN229 | [41] |
NRF2 | Knockdown | U87MG neurospheres | [90] |
Dazl | Knockdown | A172, U251, and LN229 | [22] |
CDK7 | knockout | U87MG and U251MG | [92] |
PCM1 | Deletion | L0 and SN186 GBM cell lines | [88] |
ID1 | Deletion | GBM cell line | [85] |
Enhancer between Ki67 and MGMT genes | Deletion of enhancer between Ki67 and MGMT genes | SKMG3 | [23] |
LXRβ | Deletion | GBM cell line | [91] |
PAX6 | Knockout | U251MG | [77] |
STAT3 | Knockout | MT330 GBM | [93] |
ERβ | knockout | U87MG | [96] |
10. CRISPR-Cas9 Editing of the Genes That Regulate Self-Renewal Capacity in GBM
11. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Gene | Type of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing | GBM Model | References |
---|---|---|---|
DDX39B | Knockdown | U87MG | [70] |
PDPN | Knockout | GBMF2, GBMF3, LN308, LN319 | [60] |
Notch1 | Knockdown | U87MG, U251 | [33] |
Target Gene | Type of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing | GBM Model | References |
---|---|---|---|
OPN | Knockout | GSCs | [40] |
DDX39B | Knockout | U87MG | [70] |
AIM2 | Knockdown | U251 | [83] |
Target Gene | Type of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing | GBM Model | References |
---|---|---|---|
FOXO3 | Knockdown | U87MG | [101] |
FOXG1 | Deletion | GSCs | [102] |
RGS4 | Deletion | GSC20 and GSC28 | [64] |
ALDH1A3 | Knockdown | LN229, U87MG, T98G, GSC-like cells T84 and X01 | [103] |
Dazl | Knockdown | A172, U251, and LN229 | [22] |
Nrf2 | Knockdown | U87MG | [90] |
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Al-Sammarraie, N.; Ray, S.K. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Genome Editing in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cells 2021, 10, 2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092342
Al-Sammarraie N, Ray SK. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Genome Editing in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cells. 2021; 10(9):2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092342
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Sammarraie, Nadia, and Swapan K. Ray. 2021. "Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Genome Editing in Glioblastoma Multiforme" Cells 10, no. 9: 2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092342