Potential of Oral Cavity Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Systematic Literature Search
2.2. Eligible Criteria
2.3. Article Selection and Data Extraction
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Characteristics of the Selected Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Stem Cells from the Oral Cavity in Bone Regeneration
4.2. Dental-Origin Stem Cells
4.2.1. Dental Pulp Stem Cells
Dental Pulp Stem Cells of Permanent Teeth
Stem Cells Derived from Inflamed Dental Pulp
Stem Cells from Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth
4.2.2. Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
4.3. Non-Dental Origin Stem Cells from the Orofacial Region
4.3.1. Cultured Autogenous Periosteal Cells
4.3.2. Buccal Fat Pad-Derived Cells
4.3.3. Autologous Bone-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
4.4. Mesenchymal Staminal Cell Biomarkers
4.5. Cell Processing
Biobanking
4.6. Complications
4.7. Bone Repair Evaluation
4.7.1. Radiographic
4.7.2. Clinical Analysis
4.7.3. Histological Analysis
4.8. Considerations and Limitations in the Use of Stem Cells
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scoping Review Title | Potential of Oral Cavity Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Scoping Review |
---|---|
Review objective | To analyze and compare the potential of stem cells from different intraoral tissues for use in bone regeneration, focusing on the bone regenerative result achieved with stem cells from the oral cavity. |
Review question | What are the stem cells of the oral cavity with osteogenic potential? |
Population | This is considered to be the human population, from whom stem cells were extracted from the oral cavity for bone repair. |
Concept | The current review studies the trends reported in the literature for oral cavity stem cells and their significance in bone regeneration. |
Types of evidence source | Randomized clinical studies, case reports, and case series reported in the literature using stem cells from the oral cavity for bone regeneration. |
Study | Type of Study | Stem Cell Niche | Stem Cells | Bone Defect | Scaffold Associated with Stem Cells | Study Groups | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dental Pulp stem cells (DPSCs) of permanent teeth | |||||||
d’Aquino R. et al., 2009 [2] | Clinical Trial. 7 patients 6 women (w): 1 man (m) | Third molar | DPSCs | Alveolar ridge, secondary to impaction of the third molar on the alveolar cortical plate | Collagen sponge scaffold | Test group (T): DPSCs + Collagen sponge scaffold Control group (C): Sponge without cells | Three months after grafting, one patient’s alveolar bone had an optimal vertical repair and complete restoration of periodontal tissue up to the second molars, as assessed by clinical probing and radiographs. Probing depth analyses revealed an increase in clinical attachment that was quantitatively greater at the T site than at the C site. |
Brunelli G. et al., 2013 [13] | Case report. 1 man, 45 years old | Third molar | DPSCs | Sinus lift | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): DPSCs + Collagen sponge scaffold | The bone density of newly formed bone was approximately twice that of native bone density. |
Giuliani A. et al., 2013 [22] | Follow-up of d’Aquino R. et al., 2009 [2], after 3 years. 7 patients 6 w:1 m | Third molar | DPSCs | Alveolar ridge, secondary to impaction of the third molar on the alveolar cortical plate | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): DPSCs + Collagen sponge scaffold (C): Sponge without cells | Clinical evaluation of bone quality revealed that T was extremely hard compared with the remaining mandible and compared with C. Bone regeneration was always higher at T sites and was responsible for less exposure of second molar roots there than at C sites. |
Aimetti M. et al., 2014 [23] | Case report. 1 man, 56 years old | Third molar | DPSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): DPSCs + Collagen sponge scaffold | The surgical treatment led to clinical improvements at 6 and 12 months compared with baseline. At 6 months, probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction was 5 mm and the clinical attachment level (CAL) gain was 5 mm. After 12 months, these increased to 6 mm and 6 mm, respectively. The 1-year radiograph showed the filling of the intraosseous component of the defect by a bonelike tissue as confirmed during the reentry procedure. |
Aimetti M. et al., 2015 [24] | Case series. 4 patients 2 w:2 m Mean age 59.5 ± 8.5 years Range 48–67 years | Third molar | DPSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): DPSCs + Collagen sponge scaffold | The mean probing depth decreased from 8.0 to 3.3 mm in a year. The mean level of clinical fixation was 11.0 to 6.0 per year. At the end of the observation period, the mean radiographic defect fill was 4.2 ± 1.9 mm. |
Monti M., et al., 2016 [25] | 6 patients 2 w:4 m Range 22–60 years | Third molar | DPSCs | Third molar post extraction socket | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): Collagen sponge scaffold + SC (C): Collagen sponge scaffold | Histological analysis showed well-differentiated bone with Haversian system formation at the test site with a very large amount of bone. |
Ferrarotti F. et al., 2018 [26] | Randomized clinical trial (ECA). 29 patients 14 w:13 m Range 39–69 years | Teeth | DPSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST) + DPSDs + collagen sponge (C): MIST + collagen sponge | In the DPSC-treated group, the mean PE reduction and mean CAL gain were 4.9 ± 1.4 mm and 4.5 ± 1.9 mm, respectively, over the 12-month period. The application of DPSC significantly improved the clinical parameters of periodontal regeneration after 1 year of treatment. |
Aimetti M. et al., 2018 [27] | Case series. 11 patients 5 w: 6 mMean age 51.2 ± 6.1 years Range 43–59 years | Tooth requiring extraction for impaction or malpositioning as an autologous source for DPSCs | DPSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): DPSCs + Collagen sponge scaffold | Mean clinical attachment level gain of 4.7 ± 1.5 mm associated with a mean residual probing depth (PD) of 3.2 ± 0.9 mm and remarkable gingival margin stability at 1 year. Complete pocket closure was achieved in 63.6% of the experimental sites. The clinical results were supported by radiographic analysis which showed a bone fill of 3.6 ± 1.9 mm. |
Barbier.L et al., 2018 [18] | Double-blind, randomized, split-mouth, controlled clinical trial. 30 patients 22 w: 8 mMean age 23 years Range 18–30 years | Third molar | DPSCs | Impacted lower third molar (ITM) post-extraction sockets | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): DPSCs+ collagen matrix (C): Collagen matrix | DPSC could not be shown to reduce alveolar bone resorption after mandibular third molar extraction. The response variables were bone density (DB) and bone resorption (SRB). No significant differences were found in the clinical, radiological, and surgical characteristics of the ITM between the T and C groups. |
Stem cells derived from inflamed dental pulp (DPSCs-IP) | |||||||
Li Y. et al., 2016 [28] | Case report. two women patients 30 and 38 years old | Orthodontically extracted, supernumerary, or third molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis | DPSCs-IP | Periodontal intrabony defects | β-tricalcium phosphate | (T): DPSCs-IP + β-tricalcium phosphate. | DPSC-IP could be grafted and had the effect of regenerating new bone to repair periodontal defects 9 months after surgical reconstruction; an effective repairing effect was observed. |
Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDS) | |||||||
Hérnandez-Monjaraz B. et al., 2018 [29] | Case report. A 61-year-old man | Dental pulp of a 7-year-old male donor | SHEDS | Periodontal intrabony defects | Scaffold of lyophilized collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone sponge | (T): SHEDS + scaffold | Densitometry assays revealed an increase in bone mineral density in the walls of the defect at 3- and 6-months post-treatment, which is suggestive of bone tissue regeneration |
Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) | |||||||
Feng F., et al., 2010. [30] | Report of 3 cases. 3 men: two 25 and one 42 years old | Third molar | PDLSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Bone graft material CALCITITE 4060-2 | (T): PDLPs + CALCITITE 4060-2 | All patients showed clinical benefits for 72 months after PDLP transplant compared with pre-surgical conditions. |
Graziano A. et al., 2013 [31] | Case report. A 32-year-old woman | Dental ligament attached to tooth roots | PDLSCs | Intrabony defects distal to mandibular second molars | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): Ligament cells periodontal + collagen sponge (C): Collagen sponge | Radiographs taken at 3 and 6 months show significant differences between sites C and T. The latter showed a higher rate of mineralization and complete filling of the coronal component of the defect compared with the control site. The PD before the surgeries was 12 mm for the test and 11 mm for the control; the surgical CAL was 6 mm for the test and 5 mm for the control; after 6 months the PPD was 3 mm for the test and 7 mm for the control. |
Vandana K. L. et al., 2016 [32] | Case report. A 27-year-old man | Dental ligament attached to the tooth roots of the third molar | PDLSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Gelatin sponge Abgel ®©TM | (T): PDLSCs + Abgel ®©TM | One-year follow-up revealed 6 mm of gain in the attachment level measured from a fixed reference point (stent) with a negligible change in the gingival marginal position. A change in radiodensity was observed in the area of the defect, suggesting an improvement in the newly formed bone. |
Chen F.M. et al., 2016 [33] | ECA. 41 teeth from 30 patients 18–65 years 8 teeth from men: 33 teeth from woman | Third molar | PDLSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Bio Oss Graft Materials, guided tissue regeneration (GTR) | (T): PDLSCs+ GTR+ BIO OSS (C): GTR+ BIO OSS | Both groups showed a significant increase in alveolar bone height (decrease in bone defect depth) over time. However, no statistically significant differences were detected between the cell group and the control group. |
Shalini H.S. et al., 2018 [34] | ECA. 28 patients 16 w:12 m Mean age 32.635 years | Third molar and alveolar cavity PDLs were removed using a sterile curette | PDLSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Abgel ®©TM gelatin sponge | (T): open flap debridement (OFD) + A-PDLSc transplant (C) OFD | The result showed a significant reduction in clinical parameters in the T and C groups. The improvement in defect density was statistically significant in the T group. PDLS showed significant gain in clinical fixation level (CAL). Cementoenamel junction (CEJ) at the alveolar bone crest measurement was higher in T. |
Sánchez N. et al., 2020 [35] | Quasi-randomized, controlled pilot phase II clinical trial. 20 patients 6 w:14 m 10 test patients (mean age = 48.8, three women] 10 control patients (mean age = 57.5) | Periodontal ligament (PDL) Third molar (11/20) Other molars (3/20) Premolars (3/20) Canines/incisor (3/20) | PDLSCs | Periodontal intrabony defects | Xenogenic bone substitute (Bio-Oss Collagen) | (T): xenogeneic bone substitute (XBS) + PDLSCs (C): XBS + saline). | The most suitable tooth for cell isolation was the third molar (7/10). Cells were successfully differentiated into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and adipocytes. Application of PDLSC to XBS for treatment of intraosseous lesions resulted in low postoperative morbidity and adequate healing, although no additional benefit was demonstrated compared with XBS alone. |
Cultured Autogenous Periosteal Cells (CAPCs) | |||||||
Schmelzeisen, R. et al., 2003 [36] | Clinical pilot study. 2 patients | Periosteal tissue of the lateral cortex of the mandibular angle. | Periosteal cells | Edentulous atrophic posterior maxillary alveolus | Polymer fleece | (T): periosteal cells + polymer fleece | The results suggest that periosteal-derived osteoblasts in a suitable matrix form lamellar bone within 4 months, allowing reliable implant insertion. |
Nagata, M. et al., 2012 [37] | Preliminary clinical study. 25 patients 13 w:12 m Mean age 55.6 years | Periosteum (50 mm ®) | cultured autogenous periosteal cell (CAPCs) | Alveolar ridge augmentation and for maxillary sinus lift | Platelet rich plasma (PRP) and autogenous bone of the mandibular region and iliac crest | (T): CAPCs + PRP+ autologous bone (C): conventional bone graft | CAPCs promoted good bone regeneration and reduced the amounts of bone needed for harvest. CAPC resulted in increased alveolar ridges with satisfactory morphology and stable bone volume. CAPC revealed a prominent recruitment of osteoblasts and osteoclasts accompanied by angiogenesis around the regenerated bone. 3D-CT images suggested that bone remodeling was faster in the CAPC bone graft than in a conventional bone graft. |
d’Aquino R. et al., 2016 [3] | New protocol 35 patients 21 w:14 m Range 25–64 years | Periosteum (1 to 10 mm) | CAPCs | Alveolar ridge after extraction of a multirooted tooth | Collagen sponge scaffold | (T): collagen sponge + CAPCs (C) collagen sponge | Horizontal resorption at T sites was 38.3% less than at C sites, while vertical resorption at T sites was 36.5% less than at C sites. The combination of micrografts with collagen showed already accelerated processes of ossification in T compared to C at 45 days. |
Buccal Fat Pad-Derived Cells (BFPSCs) | |||||||
Khojasteh A. et al., 2016 [38] | Preliminary study. 8 patients 5 w:3 m Range 25–60 years | Buccal fat pads | BFPSCs | Reconstruction of the atrophic mandibular crest (more than six teeth) | Freeze-dried bone allograft pellets (FDBA) | (T): FDBA + BFP (C) autograft + FDBA + collagen membranes | The mean percentage of newly formed bone was 49.21% in the control group and 65.32% in the test group. The mean bone width gain in the stem cell-treated group was greater than in the control group. |
Khojasteh A. et al., 2017 [39] | Randomized prospective clinical trial. 10 patients 3 w:7 m 4 adult patients, 6 were 8 to 14 years | Buccal fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cells (3 to 5 mL) | BFSCs | Unilateral cleft lip and palate |
| Group 1: anterior iliac crest (AIC) bone and a collagen membrane Group 2: lateral ramus cortical bone plate (LRCP) with BFSCs mounted on a natural bovine bone mineral (LRCP + BFSC) Group 3: AIC bone, BFSCs cultured on natural bovine bone mineral, and a collagen membrane (AIC + BFSCs) | Successful healing without fistula or oronasal communication was achieved in all cases. After 6 months, LRCP + BFSC members experienced 69% to 85% new bone formation (BF), while for those in the AIC + BFSC group, it was 70%, 85%, and 90%. In the AIC +BFPSC group, the range of BF was between 75% and 90%, higher than that observed using AIC alone (controls), where it was 65% to 85%. All members of this group were adults (20 to 29 years old) and had a lower regenerative capacity. |
Meshram M. et al., 2018 [40] | Pilot study. 5 patients 3 w:2 m Range 18–55 years | Autologous buccal fat pad (5–10 mL of tissue) | BFPSCs | Bone defects secondary to enucleation of cysts or pathological tumors | Drip implantation | (T): BFPSCs | In all patients, thick irregular trabecular bone was discovered during the first month and was replaced by dense compact bone in the third and sixth months. No more bone density increase was observed at 6 months. |
Autologous Bone-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (H-MSVs) | |||||||
Pradel W. et al., 2006 [41] | 20 patients 5 w:15 m Mean age 45.6 years Range 16–72 years | Mandible or maxilla | H-MSVs | Mandibular cystic bone defects | Demineralized bone matrix Osteovit | (T): autogenous osteoblasts in collagen-based scaffolds (C): autogenous spongiose iliac crest bone was used | After 3 and 6 months there were few differences in bone density between the groups. However, in radiographic controls, ossification was considerably stronger in cysts grafted with tissue-engineered bone after 12 months |
Pradel W. et al., 2008 [42] | Report of 6 cases. Mean age 45.2 years Range 38–52 years | Maxilla | H-MSVs | Sinus floor elevation | Demineralised bovine bone matrix (DBBM) and solventdehydrated mineralized bovine bone (SDBB) | (T): (1) DBBM + H-MSVs (2) SDBB + H-MSVs | Histology of the bone cores in the DBBM group at 5 months showed lamellar bone and osteoid, and at 12 months showed fibrous connective tissue. Some resorption of the scaffold was found 5 months after SDBB grafting, and after 12 months cancellous bone formation encapsulating SDBB remnants were observed |
Pradel W. et al., 2012 [43] | 8 patients 1 w:7 m Mean age 10.3 years, Range 8–16 years | Maxilla | H-MSVs | Unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate | Demineralized bone matrix Osteovit | (T): autogenous osteoblasts in collagen-based scaffolds (C): autogenous spongiosa | At 6 months post-surgery, 40.9% of the original cleft defect was ossified in the test group while it was slightly less ossified (36.6%) in the control group. |
Redondo L.M. et al., 2017 [44] | Phase I–II trial 11 patients 9 w:2 m Mean age 36 ± 14 years, Range 21–50 years | Cancellous bone (2.8 ± 1.0 mm) | H-MSVs | Maxillary cystic bone defects | A serum cross-linked scaffold (BioMax) | (T): H-MSVs + Biomax (C): contralateral side of cancellous alveolar bone, untreated | Growth tended to be significantly faster in younger patients. Mean increase in bone density of 2.5 times at 7 months after the intervention in the T group; there was no difference in the control group. |
Study | Stem Cell Isolation | Post-Surgical Evaluation | Complications |
---|---|---|---|
Dental Pulp stem cells (DPSCs) of permanent teeth | |||
d’Aquino R. et al., 2009 [2] | The pulp was mechanically dissociated, then the cells were filtered through a 70 μm filter and cultured in α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM). |
Clinical and radiological controls at 7 days, 1, 2 and 3 months
| The patients did not present morbidity or infections after the intervention. One patient suffered from a slight distortion of the mouth opening and an increased level of edema at both sites. All parameters were within normal ranges. |
Brunelli G. et al., 2013 [13] | Rigenera ® |
| Antibiotic prophylaxis was prescribed, and postoperative medications were indicated. The postoperative course was uneventful. |
Giuliani A. et al., 2013 [22] | Stem cells were isolated from the tissue by incubating them with CD34-conjugated microbeads. | Clinical evaluations conducted 3 years after stem cell implantation to assess morbidity, functionality, and bone quality
| Analysis did not reveal the presence of morbidity or infection at the intervention sites. Normal functionality. |
Aimetti M. et al., 2014 [23] | Medimax system | Clinical and radiological: a calibrated examiner performed all clinical and radiographic measurements at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively.
| Minimal swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the operated areas was observed during the early healing phase. |
Aimetti M. et al., 2015 [24] | The pulp tissue was dissociated and passed through disposable filters in a sterile physiological solution to obtain a cell suspension enriched in stem cells. |
Clinical and radiographic parameters: before and at 6 and 12 months after the operation by the same calibrated examiner
| Minimal swelling of the soft tissues surrounding the operated areas was observed during the early healing phase. |
Monti M. et al., 2016 [25] | Rigenera ® |
First control on day 7 after surgery
| Analgesic medication was indicated in the case of postoperative pain. Edema and the presence of inflammation and functionality were evaluated. No complications were observed. |
Ferrarotti F. et al., 2018 [26] | Rigenera ® |
| The patients were prescribed analgesic antibiotics. No discomfort or complications were reported. |
Aimetti M. et al., 2018 [27] | Rigenera ® | Clinical and radiographic parameters were measured at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months after the regenerative therapy by an independent calibrated examiner
| Minimal swelling of soft tissues surrounding the surgical areas was observed during the early healing phase. |
Barbier L. et al., 2018 [18] | Rigenera ® | To assess bone repair, CT scans were performed 6 months after the third molar extraction | No morbidity was observed during the clinical trial. |
Stem Cells Derived from Inflammatory Dental (DPSCs-IP) | |||
Li Y. et al., 2016 [28] | The inflamed pulp samples were digested and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12 1:1). | Clinical evaluation and RX at 1, 3, and 9 months after surgery
| No side effects or uncomfortable feelings appeared in patients after transplantation. |
Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDS) | |||
Hérnandez-Monjaraz B. et al., 2018 [29] | The dental pulp was dissociated and centrifuged. After centrifugation, the dissociated tissue was resuspended in MEM-α. | Clinical and radiographic evaluation at 3 and 6 months RX: CT Clinical: description of the surgical site, depth of periodontal defect, tooth mobility, bone mineral density | At 3 and 6 months following surgical intervention, the patient showed no signs or symptoms of rejection. |
Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) | |||
Feng F. et al., 2010. [30] | PDLP cells were cultured in α-MEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS). CALCITITE 4060-2 bone graft material was added to the surface of the PDLPs. | Clinical and radiographic evaluation: 3, 6, 12, 26, 32, 42, and 72 months
| No patient showed inflammation in the treatment area or any systemic disorder associated with PDLP. |
Graziano A. et al., 2013 [31] | Rigenera ® | Clinical and radiographic examination
| No alterations in the surgical area |
Vandana K. L. et al., 2016 [32] | The transplant consisted of soft tissue from the periodontal ligament. No cell culture. | Clinical and radiographic evaluations at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year RX: periapical
| Not reported. |
Chen F.M. et al., 2016 [33] | The PDLs were digested and cultured in α-MEM. |
| None of the patients reported any complication/adverse event other than medium-sized swelling and pain. |
Shalini H.S. et al., 2018 [34] | PDL was obtained from the root with a sterile dressing and immediately mixed with a gelatin sponge. | Clinical and RX: at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the operation by the same calibrated examiner RX: standardized periapical
| Antibiotic prophylaxis was prescribed, and postoperative medications were indicated. The technique used did not cause any biological risk. |
Sánchez N. et al., (2020) [35] | PDL was isolated by root scraping, digested, and cultured. | Clinical and radiographic examinations were recorded at baseline, 6, 9, and 12 months.
| No serious adverse effects were reported. Mild–moderate pain and swelling during the first week and mild tenderness during the subsequent weeks were the most frequently reported side effects in both groups. |
Cultured Autogenous Periosteal Cells (CAPCs) | |||
Schmelzeisen, R. et al., 2003 [36] | The periosteum was digested and cultured in α-MEM |
| Both patients tolerated periosteal harvesting from the mandibular angle. Wounds resulting from tissue replantation and mucosal wounds in the maxilla healed without incident. |
Nagata, M. et al., 2012 [37] | Pieces of periosteal sample in culture medium (Medium 199 with Earle’s salts, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) |
| No adverse events attributable to the use of CAPC were found. A case with a history of chronic sinusitis showed progressive alveolar resorption after the sinus lift procedure. |
d’Aquino R. et al., 2016 [3] | Rigenera ® |
| Edema, presence of inflammation, and functionality were evaluated. Healing without alterations after dental extractions. Similar appearances in the alveoli in groups T and C. 7 of 35 subjects required analgesics during the first 2 days. |
Buccal Fat Pad Derived Cells (BFPSCs) | |||
Khojasteh A. et al., 2016 [38] | BFP was digested and cultured in α-MEM. Cells from the third to fourth passages were used. Cells were seeded on scaffolds in osteogenic medium. |
| There was no evidence of inflammation or foreign body reaction. |
Khojasteh A. et al., (2017) [39] | The cell suspension of BFP was cultured in α-MEM. MSCs from the third to fourth passage were subjected to the experiments. |
|
One patient developed partial dehiscence.
One case showed partial exposure of the cortical bone of the lateral ramus on the labial side. |
Meshram M. et al., 2018 [40] | Cells were differentiated in MSC media for 3 passages and then transdifferentiated into osteoblastic lineage. Cells were cultured in osteogenic media. |
Clinical and radiographic: 7 days and 1, 3, 6, 12 months after surgery
| Almost all patients had mild pain, edema, and paresthesia at the end of the first week, which gradually decreased. One patient had pain at 1 month, and another patient had paresthesia at 1 month, which steadily improved. |
Autologous Bone-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (H-MSVs) | |||
Pradel W. et al., 2006 [41] | The explants were suspended in DMEM. |
Clinical and radiographic: 3, 6, 12 months after surgery
| All the wounds were without any signs of acute infection and healed during follow-up, applying local disinfecting rinses with iodine and saline. |
Pradel W. et al., 2008 [42] | The explants were suspended in DMEM. | Clinical and histological | In all patients, primary wound healing was without complications, except for one patient in the SDBB group. |
Pradel W. et al., 2012 [43] | The explants were suspended in DMEM. |
Radiographic: 6 months after surgery
Rx: CT | Wound healing was uneventful in the postoperative period: neither wound dehiscence nor sequestration occurred. |
Redondo L.M. et al., 2017 [44] | The explants were suspended in DMEM. |
| In the patients, no signs of inflammation or rejection were recorded in any of the patients. |
Cells of the Oral Cavity | Abbreviation | Scaffold Associated with Stem Cells | Repaired Bone Defect |
---|---|---|---|
Dental pulp stem cells of permanent teeth | DPSCs |
|
|
Stem cells derived from inflamed dental pulp | DPSCs-IP |
|
|
Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth | SHEDS |
|
|
Periodontal ligament stem cells | PDLSCs |
|
|
Cultured autogenous periosteal xells | CAPCs |
|
|
Buccal fat pad-derived cells | BFPSCs |
|
|
Autologous bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells | H-MSVs |
|
|
MSC | Positive Immunoreactivity Biomarkers | Negative Biomarkers | Bone Markers |
---|---|---|---|
DPSC | CD10, CD13, CD29, CD44, CD59, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD117, CD146, STRO-1 | CD14, CD19, CD24, CD34, CD45, Human Leukocyte Antigen—DR isotype (HLA-DR) | Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), osterix (Osx), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen I, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) |
DPSC-i | CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, CD271, | CD14, CD34, CD45, CD117, HLA-DR | OCN, Type I collagen, OPN, Runx2, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) |
SHED | CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, STRO-1 | CD11b, CD14, CD18, CD19, CD24, CD31, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR | ALP, DSPP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), Runx2, OCN, Osx |
PDLSC | CD10, CD13, CD26, CD29, CD31, CD44, CD59, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD140b, CD146, CD166, STRO-1 | CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD40, CD45, CD79α, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR | ALP, Bone Sialoprotein (BSP), MEPE, OCN |
CASp | CD90, CD105, CD73 | CD45, CD34 | |
BFPSCs | CD44, CD90, CD73, CD105 | CD45, CD34 | Type I Collagen, BMP, OCN |
H-MSV | CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166 | CD34, CD45, HLA-DR |
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Alarcón-Apablaza, J.; Prieto, R.; Rojas, M.; Fuentes, R. Potential of Oral Cavity Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Scoping Review. Cells 2023, 12, 1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101392
Alarcón-Apablaza J, Prieto R, Rojas M, Fuentes R. Potential of Oral Cavity Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Scoping Review. Cells. 2023; 12(10):1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101392
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlarcón-Apablaza, Josefa, Ruth Prieto, Mariana Rojas, and Ramón Fuentes. 2023. "Potential of Oral Cavity Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Scoping Review" Cells 12, no. 10: 1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101392