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Review

Viral Targeting of Importin Alpha-Mediated Nuclear Import to Block Innate Immunity

by
Olivia A. Vogel
1,
Jade K. Forwood
2,
Daisy W. Leung
3,
Gaya K. Amarasinghe
4 and
Christopher F. Basler
1,*
1
Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
2
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
4
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2024, 13(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13010071
Submission received: 25 November 2023 / Revised: 22 December 2023 / Accepted: 27 December 2023 / Published: 29 December 2023

Abstract

Cellular nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is mediated by the importin family of nuclear transport proteins. The well-characterized importin alpha (IMPA) and importin beta (IMPB) nuclear import pathway plays a crucial role in the innate immune response to viral infection by mediating the nuclear import of transcription factors such as IRF3, NFκB, and STAT1. The nuclear transport of these transcription factors ultimately leads to the upregulation of a wide range of antiviral genes, including IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). To replicate efficiently in cells, viruses have developed mechanisms to block these signaling pathways. One strategy to evade host innate immune responses involves blocking the nuclear import of host antiviral transcription factors. By binding IMPA proteins, these viral proteins prevent the nuclear transport of key transcription factors and suppress the induction of antiviral gene expression. In this review, we describe examples of proteins encoded by viruses from several different families that utilize such a competitive inhibition strategy to suppress the induction of antiviral gene expression.
Keywords: African swine fever virus; coronavirus; Ebola virus; flavivirus; hantavirus; hepatitis B virus; human immunodeficiency virus-1; importin alpha; immune evasion; innate immunity; interferon; vaccinia virus African swine fever virus; coronavirus; Ebola virus; flavivirus; hantavirus; hepatitis B virus; human immunodeficiency virus-1; importin alpha; immune evasion; innate immunity; interferon; vaccinia virus

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vogel, O.A.; Forwood, J.K.; Leung, D.W.; Amarasinghe, G.K.; Basler, C.F. Viral Targeting of Importin Alpha-Mediated Nuclear Import to Block Innate Immunity. Cells 2024, 13, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13010071

AMA Style

Vogel OA, Forwood JK, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF. Viral Targeting of Importin Alpha-Mediated Nuclear Import to Block Innate Immunity. Cells. 2024; 13(1):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13010071

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vogel, Olivia A., Jade K. Forwood, Daisy W. Leung, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, and Christopher F. Basler. 2024. "Viral Targeting of Importin Alpha-Mediated Nuclear Import to Block Innate Immunity" Cells 13, no. 1: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13010071

APA Style

Vogel, O. A., Forwood, J. K., Leung, D. W., Amarasinghe, G. K., & Basler, C. F. (2024). Viral Targeting of Importin Alpha-Mediated Nuclear Import to Block Innate Immunity. Cells, 13(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13010071

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