Skin Telocytes Could Fundament the Cellular Mechanisms of Wound Healing in Platelet-Rich Plasma Administration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PRP Plasma Biochemistry and Active Factors
3. The Composition of the Platelets’ α-Granules
3.1. Growth Factors
3.1.1. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), AA-AB-BB
3.1.2. Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ)
3.1.3. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
3.1.4. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
3.1.5. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
3.1.6. Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)
3.1.7. Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)
3.1.8. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)
3.1.9. Keratinocyte Growth Factor/Fibroblast Growth Factor-7 (KGF/FGF-7)
3.1.10. Angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1)
3.2. Chemokines
3.2.1. Growth-Regulated Protein Alpha (CXCL1/GRO α/KC/CINC-1)
3.2.2. Platelet Factor 4/Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 4 (PF4/CXCL4)
3.2.3. Epithelial-Cell-Derived Neutrophil-Activating Peptide-78 (ENA-78)/C-X-C Motif Chemokine 5 (CXCL5)
3.2.4. C-X-C Motif Chemokine 7 (CXCL7)/Neutrophil-Activating Peptide 2 (NAP-2)
3.2.5. C-X-C Motif Chemokine 8 (CXCL8)/Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
3.2.6. Stromal-Cell-Derived Factor 1 α/C-X-C Motif Chemokine 12 (SDF-1α/CXCL12)
3.2.7. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP-1)/Chemokine C-C Ligand-2 (CCL2)
3.2.8. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α (MIP-1α)/Chemokine C-C Ligand-3 (CCL3)
3.2.9. Chemokine C-C Ligand-5 (CCL5)/Regulated on Activation, Normal T-Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES)
3.3. Adhesion Molecules
3.3.1. Fibrinogen
3.3.2. Thrombospondin
3.3.3. The von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
3.4. Integral Membrane Proteins
3.4.1. Integrin αIIbβ3
3.4.2. Glycoprotein (GP)Ib-IX-V Complex
3.4.3. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM)-like Transcript 1 (TLT-1)
3.4.4. P-Selectin
3.5. Coagulants and Anticoagulants
3.5.1. Platelet Factor V
3.5.2. Factor IX (Christmas Factor)
3.5.3. Factor XIII
3.5.4. Growth Arrest Specific-6 (Gas6)
3.6. Antimicrobial Agents
3.7. Inflammatory/Immune Agents
4. Composition of Platelets’ Dense δ-Granules
4.1. Nucleotides
4.1.1. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
4.1.2. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
4.1.3. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
4.1.4. Uridine Triphosphate (UTP)
4.1.5. Guanosine-5′-Triphosphate (GTP)
4.2. Bioactive Amines
4.2.1. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
4.2.2. Histamine
4.2.3. Phosphates (Polyphosphate, Pyrophosphate)
4.3. Ions
5. The Composition of the Platelet’s Lysosomes
6. Platelet T-Granules
7. The Physiological Process of Skin Repair/Regeneration
8. Cellular and Biochemical Milieu of Skin Repair/Regeneration Scene
8.1. Neutrophils
8.2. Macrophages
8.3. Mast Cells
8.4. Langerhans Cells
8.5. Dendritic Epithelial T-Cells (DETCs)
8.6. Invariant Natural Killer Cells (iNKTs)
9. Dermal TCs: A Distinct Cell Population with a Promising Skin Regenerative Potential
10. Dermal Telocytes’ Involvement in the Course of a Few Dermatologic Pathologies
11. Variable Results of PRP on Treated Skin
12. PRP Treatment Limitations, Contraindications, and Practical Considerations
13. Limitations of PRP Therapy
14. Conclusions and Perspectives
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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GROWTH FACTORS | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), AA-AB-BB |
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) | |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | |
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | |
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) | |
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) | |
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) | |
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | |
Keratinocyte growth factor/fibroblast growth factor-7 (KGF/FGF-7) | |
Angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1) | |
CHEMOKINES | Growth-regulated protein alpha (CXCL1/GRO α/KC/CINC-1) |
Platelet factor 4/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (PF4/CXCL4) | |
Epithelial-cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide-78 (ENA-78)/C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5) | |
C-X-C motif chemokine 7 (CXCL7)/Neutrophil Activating Peptide 2 (NAP-2) | |
C-X-C motif chemokine 8 (CXCL8)/interleukin-8 (IL-8) | |
Stromal-cell-derived factor-1 α/C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (SDF-1α/CXCL12) | |
Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1)/Chemokine C-C ligand—2 (CCL2) | |
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α)/Chemokine C-C ligand—3 (CCL3) | |
Chemokine C-C ligand—5 (CCL5)/regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) | |
ADHESION MOLECULES | Fibrinogen |
Thrombospondin | |
the von Willebrand factor (vWF) | |
INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS | Integrin αIIbβ3 |
Glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex | |
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-like transcript 1 (TLT-1) | |
P-selectin | |
COAGULANTS AND ANTICOAGULANTS | Platelet factor V |
Factor IX (Christmas factor) | |
Factor XIII | |
Growth arrest specific-6 (Gas6) | |
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS | |
INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE AGENTS |
Nucleotides | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | |
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | |
Uridine triphosphate (UTP) | |
Guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) | |
Bioactive amines | Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) |
Histamine | |
Phosphates (polyphosphate, pyrophosphate) | |
Ions | Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P+ |
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Manole, C.G.; Voiculescu, V.M.; Soare, C.; Ceafalan, L.C.; Gherghiceanu, M.; Hinescu, M.E. Skin Telocytes Could Fundament the Cellular Mechanisms of Wound Healing in Platelet-Rich Plasma Administration. Cells 2024, 13, 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13161321
Manole CG, Voiculescu VM, Soare C, Ceafalan LC, Gherghiceanu M, Hinescu ME. Skin Telocytes Could Fundament the Cellular Mechanisms of Wound Healing in Platelet-Rich Plasma Administration. Cells. 2024; 13(16):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13161321
Chicago/Turabian StyleManole, Catalin G., Vlad M. Voiculescu, Cristina Soare, Laura Cristina Ceafalan, Mihaela Gherghiceanu, and Mihail E. Hinescu. 2024. "Skin Telocytes Could Fundament the Cellular Mechanisms of Wound Healing in Platelet-Rich Plasma Administration" Cells 13, no. 16: 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13161321