The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Disorders: Historic and Contemporary Views
1. Introduction
2. A Brief History of Astrocytes and Their Role in CNS Disorders
“Elsewhere I have exposed the arguments that can make us to think that the actions carried out at the level of the neuronal articulations [synapses], between neuronal terminals and dendrites and cellular bodies of subsequent neurons, are of chemical nature. Every nervous ending would undergo in the moment of the excitation a chemical modification and this chemical modification would act as a stimulus on the other neuron. If that were [true], the interneuronal articulations would be a center of active chemical exchanges; and one would therefore comprise the infiltrating of protoplasmic “tufted” extensions of neuroglia in all the nearby free interstices, in order to perhaps pick and instantaneously to fix even the smallest product of refusal” (page 294 of ref. [20]; translation in [21]).
“The facts that I have just observed seem to shed new light on the physiology of neuroglial cells, not only of those which associate closely to neuronal cells and deserve the name of satellite cells, but also, and especially, of cells which are in connection with the vasculature walls.
Indeed, I was able to present evidence of robust active secretion phenomena in the protoplasm of these cells in rabbit and guinea pig. This observation is especially visible within the protoplasmic extensions which cross the empty space created by the retraction of tissues around the vascular walls, on which they [neuroglial cell extensions] attach using an enlarged foot.
In a previous note, I have described the mitochondria that exist in these protoplasmic extensions, and I have shown that many, and maybe all of the granulations located in the gray matter outside the protoplasm of neuronal cells, in reality belong to the neuroglia. Today, I am poised to follow the evolution that occurs within these granulations and to show their progressive transformation into secretion grains. These phenomena are exactly similar to those described by Altmann in the glandular cells; the observed granulations are of three types: 1. excessively small round grains that, by the Altmann method, color themselves in intense red; 2. more voluminous grains, with clear centers; 3. grains that do not take color with fuchsin. The last ones are slightly smaller than the most voluminous red grains. All intermediates exist between these three types, which represent the successive phases of the transformation of mitochondria into secretion grains.
Using Benda’s method, the smallest grains color themselves in blue, the largest ones in purple and the secretion grains in red.”
3. Overview of the Special Issue Papers
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brenner, M.; Parpura, V. The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Disorders: Historic and Contemporary Views. Cells 2024, 13, 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13161388
Brenner M, Parpura V. The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Disorders: Historic and Contemporary Views. Cells. 2024; 13(16):1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13161388
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrenner, Michael, and Vladimir Parpura. 2024. "The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Disorders: Historic and Contemporary Views" Cells 13, no. 16: 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13161388