Development of a Custom Fluid Flow Chamber for Investigating the Effects of Shear Stress on Periodontal Ligament Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Parallel Flow Chamber
2.1.1. Design Considerations
- Biocompatible material not affecting cellular functions, i.e., growth and viability.
- Chamber material compatible with autoclave sterilization.
- The chamber geometry allows for the loading and unloading of a standard microscopic slide (size: 76 × 26 × 1 mm3).
- Easy assembly of the chamber not requiring special tools.
- To ensure precise and robust performance, the design should ease seeding cells in a pre-defined area of uniform fluid flow.
2.1.2. Chamber Design, Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations, and Construction
2.1.3. Custom-Made Gasket for Glass Slide Coating and Cell Seeding
2.1.4. Assembly of the FSS System and Temperature Adjustment
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Coating and Cell Seeding
2.4. Preparation of a FSS Experiment
2.5. Fluid Flow Shear Stress Application Using a Custom-Made Fluid Flow Apparatus
2.6. Cell Attachment and Cell Viability
2.7. Sample Preparation
2.8. Quantitative Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
2.8.1. Primer Selection
2.8.2. Reference Genes
2.8.3. RT-qPCR Procedure
2.9. Western Blotting
2.10. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Cell Attachment
3.2. Cell Viability
3.3. Reference Gene Selection
3.4. Target Gene Expression
3.4.1. FSS Upregulate the Mechanosensitive FOS Gene
3.4.2. FSS Upregulate Genes Responsible for Inflammation
3.4.3. FSS Upregulate Genes Responsible for Tissue Formation
3.4.4. Western Blot Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Selection of FSS Parameters and Justification of the Experimental Setting
4.2. Chamber Construction
4.3. Temperature
4.4. Cell Viability and Attachment
4.5. Expression of Target Genes
4.5.1. Effect of FSS on Mechanosensing
4.5.2. Effect of FSS on Osteogenic Differentiation
4.5.3. Effect of FSS on Inflammation
4.5.4. Heterogeneity Between Donors and Fluid Shear Stress
4.6. Strengths and Limitations
4.6.1. Strengths
- Biocompatibility.
- Durability.
- Flexibility (can be adapted to different research questions).
- Decomposability (can be disassembled for sample collection).
- Large sample for further gene/intracellular protein analysis.
- Affordability (cost-effective).
4.6.2. Limitations
- Using a large volume of cell-culturing media (diluted supernatant).
- Technique sensitive during assembly and disassembly
- Reusability requires further steps afterward for disinfection and sterilization.
- The preparation of the experimental setup is completed outside the incubator.
- To account for biological variability, additional donors should be included.
- The flow chamber is not compatible with live microscopy, making it difficult to investigate potential regions of turbulence using a tracer dye or real-time cellular/molecular visualization.
- Only a few genes were included in this study, which may not fully reflect the complete biological picture related to FSS.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
3D | Three dimensional |
CAD | Computer-aided design |
CFD | Computational fluid dynamics |
CXCL8 | C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (also known as interleukin 8, IL-8) |
FC | Fold change |
FOS | Proto-oncogene Fos; subunit of the AP-1 transcription factor |
FSS | Fluid shear stress |
hPDLCs | Human periodontal ligament cells |
IL6 | Interleukin-6 |
MIQE | “Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments” |
OTM | Orthodontic tooth movement |
PDL | Periodontal ligament |
PTGS2 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (also known as cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) |
RUNX2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 |
SP7 | Sp7 transcription factor (also known as osterix, OSX) |
TNFRSF11B | TNF receptor superfamily member 11b (also known as osteoprotegerin, OPG) |
VEGFA | Vascular endothelial growth factor A |
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Part No. | Part | Type | Source |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Heating water bath | Lauda Aqualine AL5 | Lauda, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany |
2 | Reservoir and multiple distributors for bottles GL 45 with connectors | PY86.1 | Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany |
3 | Peristaltic pump w/2 pump head (3 rolls) | LabV3 with YZ151x PPS pump heads | Drifton A/S, Hvidovre, Denmark |
4 | Constant flow pulse damper | D1606-6B-PSU | SCPOGO LABS, Beijing, China |
5a | Bubble trap consisting of barbed T-connector | FESTO T-PK-4, 9585 | Landefeld Druckluft und Hydraulik GmbH, Kassel, Germany |
5b | Stainless-steel lever air control valve | L × W × H: 30 × 21 × 8 mm3 | Sourcing map; url: https://sourcingmap.com (accessed on 21 October 2024) |
6 | Chamber | See above | |
7 | Screw clamps | Wisent Laubsägezwinge | Hornbach, Munich, Germany |
8 | Sterile silicone tubing | Longer BioSilicone (WT 1.6 mm, ID 4.8 mm, OD 8.0 mm | Drifton A/S, Hvidovre, Denmark |
Microscopy slide (with cells seeded in a specified area) | Epredia™ Microscope Slides, Cut, 1mm (AA00000102E01MNZ10) | New Erie Scientific LLC, Portsmouth, NH, USA |
Gene | GenBank Accession Number | Primer Sequence (f:5-Forward Primer-3; r:5-Reverse Primer-3) | Anneal. Temp. (°C) | Amplicon Length (bp) | Primer Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RUNX2 | NM_001015051.4 | f: GCGCATTCCTCATCCCAGTA r: GGCTCAGGTAGGAGGGGTAA | 58 | 176 | 2.033 |
IL6 | NM_000600.5 | f: TGGCAGAAAACAACCTGAACC r: TGGCTTGTTCCTCACTACTCTC | 58 | 168 | 1.931 |
PTGS2/COX2 | NM_000963.4 | f: AAGCCTTCTCTAACCTCTCC r: GCCCTCGCTTATGATCTGTC | 58 | 234 | 1.988 |
FOS | NM_005252.4 | f: GCTTTGCAGACCGAGATTGC r: TTGAGGAGAGGCAGGGTGAA | 58 | 203 | 1.942 |
SP7 | NM_001173467.3 | f: GGCACAAAGAAGCCGTACTC r: CACTGGGCAGACAGTCAGAA | 61 | 247 | 2.077 |
TNFRSF11B | NM_002546.4 | f: TCAAGCAGGAGTGCAATCG r: AGAATGCCTCCTCACACAGG | 60 | 342 | 1.972 |
VEGFA | NM_001317010.2 | f: GCTGTCTTGGGTGCATTGGA r: ATGATTCTGCCCTCCTCCTTCT | 58 | 100 | 2.071 |
CXCL8/IL8 | NM_001354840.3 | f: CAGAGACAGCAGAGCACACAA r: TTAGCACTCCTTGGCAAAAC | 55 | 170 | 1.948 |
RPL0 | NM_001002.4 | f: GAAACTCTGCATTCTCGCTTCC r: GACTCGTTTGTACCCGTTGATG | 64 | 120 | 1.988 |
RPL22 | NM_000983.4 | f: TGATTGCACCCACCCTGTAG r: GGTTCCCAGCTTTTCCGTTC | 61 | 98 | 2.055 |
Gene | Control | FSS | U-Test | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min | Max | Median | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Median | p | Sig.† | ||
CXCL8 | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.89 | 1.13 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 0.15 | 1.14 | 1.50 | 1.33 | 0.029 | * |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.06 | 0.42 | 0.63 | 1.59 | 1.01 | 1.53 | 0.14 | 1.44 | 1.74 | 1.47 | 0.200 | n.s. | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.03 | 0.28 | 0.63 | 1.59 | 1.00 | 1.43 | 0.17 | 1.14 | 1.74 | 1.45 | 0.010 | * | |
FOS | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.01 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 1.18 | 1.01 | 2.00 | 0.45 | 1.71 | 2.67 | 1.81 | 0.029 | * |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.13 | 0.62 | 0.52 | 1.92 | 1.04 | 3.37 | 1.02 | 2.21 | 4.44 | 3.41 | 0.029 | * | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.07 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 1.92 | 1.01 | 2.68 | 1.03 | 1.71 | 4.44 | 2.44 | 0.001 | ** | |
IL6 | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.04 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 1.45 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.53 | 0.67 | 1.80 | 0.82 | 0.886 | n.s. |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.60 | 0.84 | 1.10 | 2.85 | 1.22 | 0.029 | * | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.02 | 0.21 | 0.69 | 1.45 | 1.00 | 1.31 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 2.85 | 1.11 | 0.505 | n.s. | |
PTGS2 | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.02 | 0.24 | 0.77 | 1.30 | 1.01 | 1.87 | 0.14 | 1.73 | 2.01 | 1.87 | 0.029 | * |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.02 | 0.26 | 0.74 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 2.69 | 0.66 | 2.01 | 3.34 | 2.71 | 0.029 | * | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.02 | 0.23 | 0.74 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 2.28 | 0.62 | 1.73 | 3.34 | 2.01 | <0.001 | *** | |
RUNX2 | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.03 | 0.26 | 0.74 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 1.31 | 0.17 | 1.19 | 1.55 | 1.24 | 0.200 | n.s. |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.01 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 1.19 | 1.01 | 1.70 | 0.53 | 1.21 | 2.26 | 1.67 | 0.029 | * | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.02 | 0.21 | 0.74 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 0.42 | 1.19 | 2.26 | 1.28 | 0.005 | ** | |
SP7 | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.01 | 0.15 | 0.85 | 1.18 | 1.00 | 1.47 | 0.67 | 0.80 | 2.32 | 1.38 | 0.486 | n.s. |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.12 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 1.75 | 1.09 | 15.47 | 24.05 | 0.23 | 51.28 | 5.17 | 0.343 | n.s. | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.07 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 1.75 | 1.00 | 8.47 | 17.44 | 0.23 | 51.28 | 1.99 | 0.195 | n.s. | |
TNFRSF11B | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.89 | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 0.486 | n.s. |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.02 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 1.30 | 1.01 | 1.09 | 0.26 | 0.73 | 1.35 | 1.13 | 0.686 | n.s. | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.01 | 0.16 | 0.77 | 1.30 | 1.01 | 1.07 | 0.18 | 0.73 | 1.35 | 1.08 | 0.328 | n.s. | |
VEGFA | Donor 1 (N = 4) | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.92 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.10 | 1.08 | 1.28 | 1.16 | 0.114 | n.s. |
Donor 2 (N = 4) | 1.00 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 1.13 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 0.34 | 0.95 | 1.68 | 1.34 | 0.200 | n.s. | |
Total (N = 8) | 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.89 | 1.13 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.25 | 0.95 | 1.68 | 1.19 | 0.021 | * |
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Nile, M.; Folwaczny, M.; Kessler, A.; Wichelhaus, A.; Janjic Rankovic, M.; Baumert, U. Development of a Custom Fluid Flow Chamber for Investigating the Effects of Shear Stress on Periodontal Ligament Cells. Cells 2024, 13, 1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13211751
Nile M, Folwaczny M, Kessler A, Wichelhaus A, Janjic Rankovic M, Baumert U. Development of a Custom Fluid Flow Chamber for Investigating the Effects of Shear Stress on Periodontal Ligament Cells. Cells. 2024; 13(21):1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13211751
Chicago/Turabian StyleNile, Mustafa, Matthias Folwaczny, Andreas Kessler, Andrea Wichelhaus, Mila Janjic Rankovic, and Uwe Baumert. 2024. "Development of a Custom Fluid Flow Chamber for Investigating the Effects of Shear Stress on Periodontal Ligament Cells" Cells 13, no. 21: 1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13211751