Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structural Regulation of Actin Dynamics in Podocytes
2.1. Actin Dynamics
2.2. Podocyte Structure
2.3. The Slit Diaphragm
2.4. Signal Receptors
2.4.1. Nephrin
2.4.2. Nephrin Signaling
2.4.3. Neph1
2.4.4. Podocin
2.5. Adaptor Proteins/Signal Integrators
2.5.1. Adaptor Proteins
2.5.2. Rho/Small GTPases
2.5.3. Synaptopodin
2.5.4. α-actinin-4
2.5.5. TRPC6
2.6. Genetic Mutations Affecting Components of the Slit Diaphragm
2.6.1. Mutations Affecting Nephrin and Podocin
2.6.2. Mutations Affecting Adaptor Proteins/Signal Integrators
2.7. Focal Adhesions (FAs)
2.7.1. Integrins
2.7.2. GTPases
2.8. Genetic Mutations Affecting FA Proteins
2.9. Other Actin Associated Genetic Mutations
3. Other Mediators of Podocyte Actin Dynamics
3.1. Hemodynamic Factors
3.2. Cytokines/Hormones
3.2.1. TGF-ß1
3.2.2. IL-6
3.2.3. Angiotensin II (Ang II)
3.3. Drugs
3.3.1. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) Inhibitors
3.3.2. Glucocorticoids (GCs)
3.3.3. Cyclosporin A (CsA)
3.3.4. Rituximab
3.3.5. Abatacept
3.3.6. Dasatanib
4. Clinical Presentation of Genetic Mutations in Podocyte Actin
Clinical Presentation
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Protein | Function |
---|---|---|
Focal Adhesions | ||
CD151 | CD151 | Transmembrane protein regulator |
EMP2 | Epithelial membrane protein 2 | Cell adhesion and trafficking protein |
ITGA3 | Integrin α3 | Anchoring protein |
ITGB1 | Integrin β1 | Anchoring protein |
Slit Diaphragm | ||
ANKFY1 | Rabakyrin-5 | Nephrin trafficking |
CD2AP | CD2-associated protein | Slit diaphragm linking protein to actin cytoskeleton |
GAPVD1 | GTPase-activating protein and VPS9 domain-containing protein 1 | Nephrin trafficking |
LMX1B | LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-β | Transcription regulator of podocin |
MAFB | Transcription factor MafB | Transcription regulator of nephrin, podocin, CD2AP |
MAGI2 | Membrane-associated guanylate kinase | Scaffolding protein for nephrin complex |
NPHS1 | Nephrin | Slit diaphragm signaling protein |
NPHS2 | Podocin | Mechanosensing protein linking plasma membrane to actin cytoskeleton |
PLCε1 | Phospholipase Cε1 | Slit diaphragm signaling protein |
TPRC6 | Transient receptor potential channel 6 | Regulates Ca2+ signaling for mechanosensation Activates RhoA and Rac1 |
Motility/Actin Dynamics | ||
ACTN4 | α-actinin-4 | Links focal adhesions to actin cytoskeleton |
ANLN | Anillin | Scaffold protein linking RhoA with actin |
ARHGDIA | Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor α | Regulates RhoGTPase signaling |
ARHGAP24 | Rho GTPase-activating protein 24 | Regulates RhoGTPase signaling |
AVIL | Advillin | Ca2+ regulated actin-binding protein |
CDK20 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 20 | Regulates RhoA/Rac through regulating DLC1 |
DLC1 | Rho GTPase-activating protein 7 | Regulates RhoGTPase signaling |
INF2 | Inverted formin 2 | Cuts actin filaments |
ITSN1 ITSN2 | Guanin exchange factor proteins | Activates Cdc42 |
FAT1 | Fat cadherin 1 | Connects slit diaphragm and actin cytoskeleton |
KANK1 KANK2 KANK4 | Kidney ankyrin repeat-containing protein | Regulates actin polymerization |
MAGI2 | Membrane-associated guanylate kinase | Scaffold protein |
MYH9 | Heavy chain of non-muscle myosinIIA | Contractile protein |
PODXL | Podocalyxin | Modulates actin cytoskeleton |
PTPRO | Glomerular epithelial protein 1 (GLEPP1) | Glomerular pressure maintenance |
SYNPO | Synaptopodin | Actin-associated protein for foot process motility |
TNS2 | Tensin-2 | Motility regulating through MAGi2 interaction |
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Blaine, J.; Dylewski, J. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes. Cells 2020, 9, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071700
Blaine J, Dylewski J. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes. Cells. 2020; 9(7):1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071700
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlaine, Judith, and James Dylewski. 2020. "Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes" Cells 9, no. 7: 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071700