Next Article in Journal
The Role of TRPM4 Gene Mutations in Causing Familial Progressive Cardiac Conduction Disease: A Further Contribution
Previous Article in Journal
Mild Hypophagia and Associated Changes in Feeding-Related Gene Expression and c-Fos Immunoreactivity in Adult Male Rats with Sodium Valproate-Induced Autism
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Genes
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/genes13020260
genes-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

MiR-218-5p Affects Subcutaneous Adipogenesis by Targeting ACSL1, a Novel Candidate for Pig Fat Deposition

by
Baosen Shan
,
Mengting Yan
,
Kai Yang
,
Weimin Lin
,
Jiayu Yan
,
Shengjuan Wei
,
Wei Wei
,
Jie Chen
and
Lifan Zhang
*
College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2022, 13(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020260
Submission received: 24 December 2021 / Revised: 21 January 2022 / Accepted: 26 January 2022 / Published: 28 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
As a centre enzyme in fatty acid activation, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1) plays an important role in body lipid homeostasis. However, the functions of ACSL1 in the subcutaneous adipogenesis of pigs are largely unknown. In the present study, we found that the expression of ACSL1 significantly increased during the process of porcine preadipocyte differentiation. Moreover, silencing of ACSL1 in preadipocytes decreased levels of triglyceride and adipogenic-related markers, including FABP4, APOE, and FASN (p < 0.01), and simultaneously increased levels of lipolytic-related markers, such as ATGL and HSL (p < 0.05). Conversely, overexpression of ACSL1 in preadipocytes increased levels of triglyceride and FABP4, APOE, and FASN (p < 0.01), and reduced levels of ATGL and HSL (p < 0.05). Luciferase reporter assays revealed that ACSL1 is a target of miR-218-5p, which can reduce the mRNA and protein levels of ACSL1 by directly binding the 3′ untranslated region of ACSL1. Furthermore, miR-218-5p has an inhibition role in porcine preadipocyte differentiation by suppressing ACSL1 expression. Taken together, these data provide insights into the mechanism of the miR-218-5p/ACSL1 axis in regulating subcutaneous fat deposition of pigs.

1. Introduction

Subcutaneous fat is one of the main factors affecting pig growth and meat quality. For obese pig breeds, such as most Chinese native pig breeds, excessive subcutaneous fat deposition becomes a major issue for the pig industry as it greatly increases the cost of feeding and production. But for lean pig breeds, appropriate subcutaneous fat deposition is favourable for meat quality because of its positive correlation with intramuscular fat content in muscle [1]. Studying the molecular mechanism of subcutaneous fat adipogenesis could provide the potential gene targets for improvement of the production efficiency and meat quality in the pig industry. In general, adipogenesis undergoes a series of complex physiological processes, in which multipotent stem cells derived from fat are gradually converted into preadipocytes and differentiated mature adipocytes [2]. Preadipocyte differentiation is known to be regulated by multiple key genes, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) [3]. However, many other potential genes, such as forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) [4], PR/SET domain 16 (PRDM16) [5], and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) [6], also play an important role in the adipogenic differentiation of porcine preadipocytes. Therefore, identifying the genes related to adipogenesis and resolving their action will help us to understand the formation mechanism of subcutaneous fat deposition, thus providing a basis for molecular breeding of subcutaneous fat of pigs.
As an essential material for adipogenesis, fatty acid can be metabolised in two different ways: decomposition into acetyl-CoA or merging into triacylglycerol and phospholipid, which contain a common starting step of fatty acid activation [7]. This step requires the participation of the acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain (ACSL) family, which can transform long-chain fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters. In the ACSL family, ACSL1 is a lipid droplet-associated protein and has been shown to play a critical role in lipid metabolism in humans [8]. For example, overexpression of ACSL1 increases triglyceride contents in the liver [9], while knockout of ACSL1 reduces the conversion of oleate to triacylglycerol [10]. In brief, for gestational age-derived adipocytes, the expression of ACSL1 is associated with lipid levels [11]. Furthermore, our previous transcriptome data show that the expression of porcine ACSL1 is dramatically increased during the subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation [12], suggesting that ACSL1 might be an important functional gene in subcutaneous adipogenesis of pigs.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a length of 20–24 nucleotide non-coding RNAs, which are involved in various cellular regulatory processes, including adipocyte formation, by silencing the expression of their target genes [13,14]. Previously, many miRNAs have been found to affect lipid metabolism by targeting ACSL1 in different species. For example, miR-205 influences abnormal lipid metabolism in hepatoma cells [15], miR-181a affects the biosynthesis of milk fat in bovine mammary epithelial cells [16], and miR-34-5p enhances hepatic lipid content in chickens [17]. However, the role of the ACSL1 and ACSL1-miRNA axis in the adipogenesis of pigs is still largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, the mechanism of the ACSL1-miRNA axis in subcutaneous adipogenesis was investigated, providing a new clue for comprehending the subcutaneous fat adipogenesis of pigs.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals

The seven-day-old Chinese Erhualian piglets were purchased from Changzhou Erhualian Pig Production Cooperation (Changzhou, Jiangsu, China). All animal experiments, including the preadipocytes collected, were in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee at Nanjing Agricultural University (STYK(su)2011-0036).

2.2. Isolation, Primary Culture, and Differentiation of Porcine Preadipocytes

The isolation of preadipocytes was described in our previous report [12]. In brief, subcutaneous adipose tissue in the back of each pig was cut and digested with 1 mg/mL collagenase type I (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 37 °C in a water bath for 1.5 h, followed by a filtration using a 200 μm nylon mesh. The preadipocytes were collected by centrifuging the filtrated solution at 800 g for 10 min. Cells were cultured in a growth medium (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium F-12 (DMEM-F12) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin) under 37 °C with an atmosphere of 5% CO2. After the growth of the preadipocytes was completely confluent, the induction medium (DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS, 1 mol/L dexamethasone, 5 μg/mL insulin, 0.1 mmol/L isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin) was replaced to induce cell differentiation for 2 d. Then, cells were cultured using a maintenance medium (growth medium supplemented with 5 μg/mL insulin) for 6 d, which was changed every other day.

2.3. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA of cell samples was extracted by using TRIzol kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The cDNA synthesis for mRNA and miRNA was performed using PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara, Dalian, China) and miRNA RT-PCR kit (TransGen, Beijing, China), respectively, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The qRT-PCR was performed on a StepOne Plus system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using the AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). The primers for qRT-PCR were designed by using Premier 5.0 and listed in Supplementary Table S1. Ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P0(RPLP0) and U6 small nuclear RNA were used as endogenous controls for genes and miRNAs, respectively. Assays were performed in triplicate. The 2−ΔΔCT method was used to calculate the expression differences [18].

2.4. Transfection of miRNA, siRNA, and Plasmid

The small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences of ACSL1 were designed and are listed in Supplementary Table S2. All siRNAs, miRNAs, and plasmids were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The freshly isolated cells proliferated for 96 h were seeded in 6-well plates for transfection at 80–90% confluence. After 48 h of transfection, cells were collected for qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis.

2.5. Determination of Oil Red O Staining and Triglyceride Contents of Adipocytes

Adipocytes were gently washed thrice with phosphate buffered solution (PBS). After adding 4% paraformaldehyde, the cells were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min, followed by washing thrice with PBS. Next, the cells were added with Oil Red O solution for 30 min at room temperature and then were washed thrice with PBS. Finally, these cells were observed using an inverted microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). The triglyceride contents of adipocytes were measured at the absorbance value of 510 nm using a full-wavelength microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and assays were performed in triplicate.

2.6. Western Blotting Analysis

Total protein of cells was extracted using cell lysis buffer. The concentration of total protein was determined using a BCA protein concentration kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Next, the protein was electrophoresed on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel with 135 V for 90 min. Then, the protein was transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) with 90 V for 100 min. The membrane was blocked for 1.5 h with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and incubated with a diluted monoclonal anti-ACSL1 antibody (1:1000) or anti-GAPDH antibody (1:10,000) at 4 °C overnight, followed by a secondary goat anti-rabbit antibody (1:10,000) for 60 min. Protein bands were visualised using ECL luminescent solutions, and the signal intensity was quantified using the Image J software.

2.7. Construction of ACSL1 Overexpression Plasmid

The coding sequence (CDS) sequence of ACSL1 was cloned using a cloning primer as follows: the upstream primer contained the NheI endonuclease site sequence, 5′-CGGCTAGCCGATGATGCAAGCCCACGAGCT-3′; the downstream primer contained KpnI endonuclease site sequence, 5′-GGGGTACCCCTTAGACTTTGACGGTGGAAT-3′. The cloned product was ligated into empty pcDNA3.1+ vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), transformed using DH5α competent cells (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), and purified by an endotoxin-free plasmid extraction kit (Omega, Doraville, GA, USA).

2.8. Construction of Luciferase Reporter Vector

The 3′ untranslated region (UTR) sequence of porcine ACSL1 (GenBank: GBZA01000015.1) was obtained from the NCBI database. Three bioinformatics tools, including TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org, accessed on 15 March 2018), miRbase (http://www.mirbase.org, accessed on 7 June 2018), and miRWalk (http://mirwalk.umm.uni-heidelberg.de, accessed on 18 October 2018), were used to predict the targeted miRNAs with potential combination with the 3′UTR of ACSL1. The 3′UTR sequence containing the miRNA binding site was synthesised and subcloned into the pmirGLO vector (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). The wild-type (wt) and mutant (mut) vector of the 3′UTR of ACSL1 were constructed, respectively. The oligonucleotide sequences of mimics and inhibitor of miRNA are shown in Supplementary Table S2.

2.9. Dual-Luciferase Activity Assay

The HEK 293T/17 cells proliferated for 48 h were transiently transfected. After 48 h, the culture medium in a 12-well plate was discarded, and cells were washed thrice with PBS. According to the instructions of the dual-luciferase assay system kit (Promega, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA), a total of 200 μL of cell lysate was added, and the plate was shaken for 15 min. Next, the lysate from each well was collected in a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube and was centrifuged at 5500× g for 1 min. The supernatant was pipetted into a new 1.5 mL centrifuge tube. A total of 4 μL lysate was mixed with 20 μL of LARII, and the firefly fluorescence value was detected on a fluorescence detector. Then, 20 μL of 1 × stop solution was added to determine the renilla fluorescence value. The value of the last fluorescence activity was the firefly fluorescence value/renilla fluorescence value.

2.10. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS v26.0 software. Student’s t-test was used for comparisons between two groups, while one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for evaluating the difference among three or more groups, followed by Duncan’s multiple comparison test. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error (SEM). The p values less than 0.05 and 0.01 were considered as statistically significant and highly significant, respectively.

3. Results

3.1. Changes of Preadipocyte Differentiation and the Expression of ACSL1 in Differentiated Preadipocytes

During the preadipocyte differentiation process, lipid droplets were observed to become larger with the increase in the triglyceride contents (Figure 1A,B). Meanwhile, the expression of ACSL1 also increased, accompanying cell differentiation. On the fourth day, the levels of ACSL1 reached a peak (Figure 1C).

3.2. Effect of siRNA Interference of ACSL1 on Differentiation of Preadipocytes

To explore the role of ACSL1 in preadipocyte differentiation, we examined the effect of siRNA-ACSL1 on the differentiation of preadipocytes. Among the three siRNAs targeting ACSL1 (Figure S1A,B), siRNA-321 had the highest interference efficiency and was used for further study. On the eighth day of preadipocyte differentiation, the number of lipid droplets in siRNA-ACSL1-treated cells was less than that in siRNA-NC-treated cells (negative control; Figure 2A). Correspondingly, the triglyceride contents of siRNA-ACSL1-treated cells were lower than that in siRNA-NC-treated cells (p < 0.01) (Figure 2B). Moreover, interfering ACSL1 expression reduced the expression levels of adipogenic-related fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes (p < 0.01) and simultaneously increased the levels of lipolytic-related adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) genes (p < 0.05), with no effect on the expression levels of the early differentiation marker PPARγ and C/EBPα genes (p < 0.05) (Figure 2C).

3.3. Effect of ACSL1 Overexpression on Differentiation of Preadipocytes

To further verify the role of ACSL1 in preadipocyte differentiation, the ACSL1 overexpression vector was constructed. The results showed the expression of ACSL1 in preadipocytes treated with pcDNA3.1-ACSL1 was dramatically higher than that in cells treated with pcDNA3.1-NC (Figure S2A,B), indicating that the overexpression vector of ACSL1 could be used for further experiment. After 8 d of induction culture, the number of lipid droplets with pcDNA3.1-ACSL1 treatment was greater than that in the control groups. Moreover, the triglyceride contents in the pcDNA3.1-ACSL1-treated cells were higher than those in the control groups (p < 0.01) (Figure 3A,B). Overexpression of ACSL1 resulted in an increase in the expression levels of the lipogenic-related FABP4, APOE, and FASN genes (p < 0.01) (Figure 3C) and a decrease in the levels of lipolytic-related ATGL and HSL genes (p < 0.05), with no influence on the expression levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα (p < 0.05).

3.4. MiR-218-5p Targeting the 3′UTR of ACSL1

Bioinformatics analysis revealed that hsa-miR-218-5p is a potential miRNA for targeting the human ACSL1 3′UTR (Supplementary Figure S3). Moreover, the mature sequence of miR-218-5p and its binding site for ACSL1 was highly conserved among different mammals (Figure 4A,B). To investigate whether porcine miR-218-5p could directly bind the predicted site on the porcine ACSL1 3′UTR, the luciferase reporter vectors containing the binding site of the wild-type ACSL1 3′UTR (ACSL1 3′UTR-wt) and mutated binding site sequences (ACSL1 3′UTR-mut) were constructed further (Figure 4C). The relative luciferase activity was decreased after co-transfection of miR-218-5p mimics and the wild-type vector (p < 0.01), while no difference was observed after co-transfection of miR-218-5p mimics and the mutant vector (p < 0.05) (Figure 4D), indicating that miR-218-5p could directly target ACSL1 by binding its 3′UTR.

3.5. MiR-218-5p Inhibits Preadipocyte Differentiation and ACSL1 Expression

Our results showed that the overexpression of miR-218-5p decreased triglyceride contents (p < 0.01) and the number of lipid droplets, whereas the inhibition of miR-218-5p increased triglyceride contents (p < 0.05) and the number of lipid droplets (Figure 5A–C), indicating that miR-218-5p inhibits preadipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-218-5p reduced both mRNA and protein levels of ACSL1 (p < 0.01), whereas the knock-down of miR-218-5p increased both mRNA and protein levels of ACSL1 (p < 0.01) (Figure 5D,E).

3.6. MiR-218-5p Regulates Preadipocyte Differentiation by Targeting ACSL1

To confirm whether miR-218-5p affects preadipocyte differentiation via targeting ACSL1, preadipocytes were cultured for adipogenic differentiation after transfecting siRNA-ACSL1. The data showed that the number of lipid droplets and triglyceride contents were reduced compared with siRNA-NC treatment cells (p < 0.01 for triglyceride contents) (Figure 6A,B). Conversely, the number of lipid droplets and triglyceride contents were increased in cells treated with miR-218-5p inhibitor compared with the cells with miR-218-5p inhibitor-NC (p < 0.01 for triglyceride contents) (Figure 6A,B). Moreover, no difference was observed for the number of lipid droplets and triglyceride contents in cells treated with both the siRNA-ACSL1 and miR-218-5p inhibitor compared with those in cells treated with siRNA-NC and miR-218-5p inhibitor-NC (p < 0.05). Inhibition of both the ACSL1 and miR-218-5p attenuated the miR-218-5p-inhibitor-induced lipid deposition (p < 0.05) (Figure 6A,B).

4. Discussion

Previously, the expression levels of ACSL1 in subcutaneous fat tissue and its allele frequencies of SNPs between obese and lean pig breeds showed a significant difference [19], indicating that this gene has a function in the subcutaneous fat deposition of pigs. As this gene is a key enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism, we speculated that ACSL1 might play a role in the subcutaneous fat deposition of pigs. Therefore, by using a preadipocyte differentiation model, we further tested the relationship between ACSL1 and the subcutaneous adipogenesis of pigs.
Our results showed that the expression levels of ACSL1 progressively increased during the process of porcine preadipocyte differentiation (Figure 1C), implying that ACSL1 might be involved in the regulation of subcutaneous adipogenesis. Moreover, the data from interference and overexpression of ACSL1 indicated that ACSL1 could promote preadipocyte differentiation and the expression of the lipogenic-related FABP4, APOE, and FASN genes [20,21,22] and simultaneously suppress the expression of lipolytic-related ATGL and HSL genes (Figure 2C and Figure 3C) [23,24], strongly supporting that ACSL1 is a positive player in the subcutaneous adipogenesis of pigs. These results are consistent with another study, which revealed the expression of ACSL1 significantly increased, and its knockdown reduced the triglyceride contents in human mesenchymal stem-cell-derived adipocytes [9]. However, the role of ACSL1 in preadipocyte differentiation in different species is still controversial. For example, ACSL1 overexpression significantly increased the contents of diglyceride rather than triglyceride levels compared with the control group in sheep adipocytes [25], and ACSL1 knockdown did not show significant changes in the uptake of long-chain fatty acids, lipid droplet size, and glycerol levels compared with the control group in mouse 3T3-L1 cells [26]. Here our data provide new evidence that ACSL1 could positively regulate the porcine preadipocyte differentiation.
Additionally, our data showed that such positive roles of ACSL1 in preadipocyte differentiation is not achieved by affecting the expression of early key differentiation-related markers of PPARγ and C/EBPα genes, but by regulating lipolysis-related markers of ATGL and HSL genes, thus affecting the final adipogenic phenotype of adipocytes (Figure 2A–C and Figure 3A–C). In adipocytes differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells, ACSL1 knockdown also fails to show any significant effect on the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα [9]. In other studies, ACSL1 had been found to influence triglyceride contents of liver cells via the PPARγ pathway [27], and ACSL1 overexpression increased the levels of PPARγ and the lipid droplets of bovine adipocytes [28], which is not fully consistent with our data. Therefore, the relationship of ACSL1 and PPARγ pathways in different cells from different species needs further investigation.
MiR-218-5p is a highly conserved miRNA in mammals, which has been considered as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, growth, and metastasis of many cancers, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and cervical cancer [29,30,31]. Additionally, many studies also found that miR-218-5p can regulate skin and hair development [32,33]. However, little is known about the function of ACSL1 in the adipogenesis of agricultural animals. In our research, we found that miR-218-5p can directly target the 3′ UTR region of the porcine ACSL1 (Figure 4C,D). The levels of ACSL1 and the triglyceride phenotype were dramatically decreased and increased when miR-218-5p was overexpressed and inhibited (Figure 5B–E), respectively, demonstrating that miR-218-5p can inhibit the expression of ACSL1 and preadipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, our data confirmed that miR-218-5p inhibits preadipocyte differentiation by specifically reducing ACSL1 expression (Figure 6A,B). Taken together, these results give us a new clue for the role of miR-218-5p in the adipogenesis of pigs.

5. Conclusions

This study revealed that ACSL1 had a promoting effect on the subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation of pigs, and miR-218-5p could inhibit preadipocyte differentiation by targeting ACSL1. Therefore, altering the levels of miR-218-5p can be considered a valuable way to regulate subcutaneous adipogenesis in pigs.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes13020260/s1, Figure S1: Effect of RNA interference of ACSL1. (A) The expression of ACSL1 detected by qRT-PCR in porcine preadipocytes treated with siRNA-NC or siRNA-ACSL1. (B) The expression of ACSL1 detected by Western blotting in porcine preadipocytes treated with siRNA-NC or siRNA-ACSL1. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, Figure S2: Effect of ACSL1 overexpression. (A) The expression of ACSL1 detected by qRT-PCR in porcine preadipocytes treated with pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1-ACSL1. (B) The expression of ACSL1 detected by Western blotting in porcine preadipocytes treated with pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1-ACSL1. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, Figure S3: The binding site prediction between hsa-miR-218-5p and human ACSL1, Table S1: List of the primer sequences, Table S2: List of siRNA and oligonucleotide information.

Author Contributions

B.S. conceived the idea, performed the analyses, and wrote the manuscript. M.Y., K.Y., W.L., J.Y. and W.W. contributed to the data analysis and checked the manuscript. S.W. and J.C. checked the finished manuscript. L.Z. conceived the idea, supervised the project analysis, and contributed to the manuscript preparation. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Guidance Foundation, the Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NAUSY-ZD07), the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund (CX(21)3136), and the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015BAD03B01).

Institutional Review Board Statement

All animal experiments including the preadipocytes collection were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at Nanjing Agricultural University (STYK(su)2011-0036).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

  1. Ros-Freixedes, R.; Reixach, J.; Bosch, L.; Tor, M.; Estany, J. Genetic correlations of intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition among muscles and with subcutaneous fat in Duroc pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 92, 5417–5425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Rodriguez, A.M.; Elabd, C.; Delteil, F.; Astier, J.; Vernochet, C.; Saint-Marc, P.; Guesnet, J.; Guezennec, A.; Amri, E.Z.; Dani, C.; et al. Adipocyte differentiation of multipotent cells established from human adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 315, 255–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Gregoire, F.M.; Smas, C.M.; Sul, H.S. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol. Rev. 1998, 78, 783–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Yan, X.; Weijun, P.; Ning, W.; Yu, W.; Wenkai, R.; Gongshe, Y. Knockdown of both FoxO1 and C/EBPbeta promotes adipogenesis in porcine preadipocytes through feedback regulation. Cell Biol. Int. 2013, 37, 905–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Gu, T.; Xu, G.; Jiang, C.; Hou, L.; Wu, Z.; Wang, C. PRDM16 represses the pig white lipogenesis through promoting lipolysis activity. Biomed. Res. Int. 2019, 2019, 1969413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Liu, L.; Wang, Y.; Liang, X.; Wu, X.; Liu, J.; Yang, S.; Tao, C.; Zhang, J.; Tian, J.; Zhao, J.; et al. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase is essential for porcine adipocyte differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Tang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Hooi, S.C.; Jiang, Y.M.; Lu, G.D. Fatty acid activation in carcinogenesis and cancer development: Essential roles of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases. Oncol. Lett. 2018, 16, 1390–1396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  8. Brasaemle, D.L.; Dolios, G.; Shapiro, L.; Wang, R. Proteomic analysis of proteins associated with lipid droplets of basal and lipolytically stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 46835–46842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Parkes, H.A.; Preston, E.; Wilks, D.; Ballesteros, M.; Carpenter, L.; Wood, L.; Kraegen, E.W.; Furler, S.M.; Cooney, G.J. Overexpression of acyl-CoA synthetase-1 increases lipid deposition in hepatic (HepG2) cells and rodent liver in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006, 291, E737–E744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Li, L.O.; Ellis, J.M.; Paich, H.A.; Wang, S.; Gong, N.; Altshuller, G.; Thresher, R.J.; Koves, T.R.; Watkins, S.M.; Muoio, D.M.; et al. Liver-specific loss of long chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1 decreases triacylglycerol synthesis and beta-oxidation and alters phospholipid fatty acid composition. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284, 27816–27826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  11. Joseph, R.; Poschmann, J.; Sukarieh, R.; Too, P.G.; Julien, S.G.; Xu, F.; Teh, A.L.; Holbrook, J.D.; Ng, K.L.; Chong, Y.S.; et al. ACSL1 is associated with fetal programming of insulin sensitivity and cellular lipid content. Mol. Endocrinol. 2015, 29, 909–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Liu, X.; Liu, K.; Shan, B.; Wei, S.; Li, D.; Han, H.; Wei, W.; Chen, J.; Liu, H.; Zhang, L. A genome-wide landscape of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs during subcutaneous adipogenesis in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2018, 9, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Bagga, S.; Bracht, J.; Hunter, S.; Massirer, K.; Holtz, J.; Eachus, R.; Pasquinelli, A.E. Regulation by let-7 and lin-4 miRNAs results in target mRNA degradation. Cell 2005, 122, 553–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Scheideler, M. MicroRNAs in adipocyte formation and obesity. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2016, 30, 653–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Cui, M.; Wang, Y.; Sun, B.; Xiao, Z.; Ye, L.; Zhang, X. MiR-205 modulates abnormal lipid metabolism of hepatoma cells via targeting acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1) mRNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2014, 444, 270–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Lian, S.; Guo, J.R.; Nan, X.M.; Ma, L.; Loor, J.J.; Bu, D.P. MicroRNA Bta-miR-181a regulates the biosynthesis of bovine milk fat by targeting ACSL1. J. Dairy Sci. 2016, 99, 3916–3924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Tian, W.H.; Wang, Z.; Yue, Y.X.; Li, H.; Li, Z.J.; Han, R.L.; Tian, Y.D.; Kang, X.T.; Liu, X.J. MiR-34a-5p increases hepatic triglycerides and total cholesterol levels by regulating ACSL1 protein expression in laying hens. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Li, Q.; Tao, Z.; Shi, L.; Ban, D.; Zhang, B.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wu, C. Expression and genome polymorphism of ACSL1 gene in different pig breeds. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2012, 39, 8787–8792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Shan, T.; Liu, W.; Kuang, S. Fatty acid binding protein 4 expression marks a population of adipocyte progenitors in white and brown adipose tissues. FASEB J. 2013, 27, 277–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Huang, Z.H.; Reardon, C.A.; Mazzone, T. Endogenous ApoE Expression Modulates Adipocyte Triglyceride Content and Turnover. Diabetes 2006, 55, 3394–3402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  22. Schmid, B.; Rippmann, J.F.; Tadayyon, M.; Hamilton, B.S. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase prevents preadipocyte differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 328, 1073–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zimmermann, R.; Strauss, J.G.; Haemmerle, G.; Schoiswohl, G.; Birner-Gruenberger, R.; Riederer, M.; Lass, A.; Neuberger, G.; Eisenhaber, F.; Hermetter, A.; et al. Fat Mobilization in Adipose Tissue Is Promoted by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase. Science 2004, 306, 1383–1386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Holm, C. Molecular mechanisms regulating hormone-sensitive lipase and lipolysis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003, 31, 1120–1124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Cao, Y.; Wang, S.; Liu, S.; Wang, Y.; Jin, H.; Ma, H.; Luo, X.; Lian, Z.; Cao, Y. Effects of Long-Chain Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetase 1 on Diglyceride Synthesis and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Sheep Adipocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Lobo, S.; Wiczer, B.M.; Bernlohr, D.A. Functional Analysis of Long-chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase 1 in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284, 18347–18356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Li, T.; Li, X.; Meng, H.; Chen, L.; Meng, F. ACSL1 affects Triglyceride Levels through the PPARγ Pathway. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2020, 17, 720–727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Zhao, Z.; Raza, S.H.A.; Tian, H.; Shi, B.; Luo, Y.; Wang, J.; Liu, X.; Li, S.; Bai, Y.; Hu, J. Effects of overexpression of ACSL1 gene on the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in adipocytes of bovine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2020, 695, 108648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Xu, Y.; He, Q.; Lu, Y.; Tao, F.; Zhao, L.; Ou, R. MicroRNA-218-5p inhibits cell growth and metastasis in cervical cancer via LYN/NF-κB signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 2018, 18, 198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Peng, P.; Chen, T.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, F.; Huang, S.; Tang, Y.; Yang, C.; Ding, W.; Ren, D.; et al. Decreased miR-218–5p Levels as a Serum Biomarker in Bone Metastasis of Prostate Cancer. Oncol. Res. Treat. 2019, 42, 165–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Xia, C.; Jiang, H.; Ye, F.; Zhuang, Z. The Multifunction Of miR-218-5p-Cx43 Axis in Breast Cancer. OncoTargets Ther. 2019, 12, 8319–8328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. Zhao, B.; Chen, Y.; Yang, N.; Chen, Q.; Bao, Z.; Liu, M.; Hu, S.; Li, J.; Wu, X. MiR-218-5p regulates skin and hair follicle development through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting SFRP2. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019, 234, 20329–20341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Hu, S.; Li, Z.; Lutz, H.; Huang, K.; Su, T.; Cores, J.; Dinh, P.-U.C.; Cheng, K. Dermal exosomes containing miR-218-5p promote hair regeneration by regulating β-catenin signaling. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaba1685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Genes 13 00260 g001 550
Figure 1. Differentiation of porcine preadipocytes and the expression pattern of ACSL1 in differentiated preadipocytes. Morphological (A) and triglyceride content (B) changes of preadipocytes at d 0, d 2, d 4, and d 8. (C): mRNA levels of ACSL1 at different differentiation stages. D 0, d 2, d 4, and d 8: 0 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. **: p < 0.01.
Figure 1. Differentiation of porcine preadipocytes and the expression pattern of ACSL1 in differentiated preadipocytes. Morphological (A) and triglyceride content (B) changes of preadipocytes at d 0, d 2, d 4, and d 8. (C): mRNA levels of ACSL1 at different differentiation stages. D 0, d 2, d 4, and d 8: 0 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. **: p < 0.01.
Genes 13 00260 g001
Genes 13 00260 g002 550
Figure 2. Effect of siRNA interference with ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation. Interfering with ACSL1 inhibits preadipocyte differentiation phenotype (A) and triglyceride content (B) at d 8. (C) Effect of interference with ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation-related genes at d 2. D 2 and d 8: 48 h and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Figure 2. Effect of siRNA interference with ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation. Interfering with ACSL1 inhibits preadipocyte differentiation phenotype (A) and triglyceride content (B) at d 8. (C) Effect of interference with ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation-related genes at d 2. D 2 and d 8: 48 h and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Genes 13 00260 g002
Genes 13 00260 g003 550
Figure 3. Effect of overexpression of ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation. Effect of overexpression of ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation phenotype (A) and triglyceride content (B) at d 8. (C) Effect of overexpression of ACSL1 on preadipocyte-differentiation-related genes at d 2. D 2 and d 8: 48 h and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Figure 3. Effect of overexpression of ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation. Effect of overexpression of ACSL1 on preadipocyte differentiation phenotype (A) and triglyceride content (B) at d 8. (C) Effect of overexpression of ACSL1 on preadipocyte-differentiation-related genes at d 2. D 2 and d 8: 48 h and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Genes 13 00260 g003
Genes 13 00260 g004 550
Figure 4. MiR-218-5p targets the 3′UTR of ACSL1. (A) The conserved mature sequence of miR-218-5p in different species. (B) Conservative analysis of the binding site of miR-218-5p to the 3′UTR of ACSL1 in different species. (C) The wild-type (wt) and mutant (mut) 3′UTR fluorescent reporter vector plasmids of ACSL1 were aligned with miR-218-5p. (D) Luciferase activity of pmirGLO-ACSL1 3′UTR-wt and pmirGLO-ACSL1 3′UTR-mut co-transfected with miR-218-5p mimics for 24 h. Data in D are represented as mean ± SEM of six experimental replicates. **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Figure 4. MiR-218-5p targets the 3′UTR of ACSL1. (A) The conserved mature sequence of miR-218-5p in different species. (B) Conservative analysis of the binding site of miR-218-5p to the 3′UTR of ACSL1 in different species. (C) The wild-type (wt) and mutant (mut) 3′UTR fluorescent reporter vector plasmids of ACSL1 were aligned with miR-218-5p. (D) Luciferase activity of pmirGLO-ACSL1 3′UTR-wt and pmirGLO-ACSL1 3′UTR-mut co-transfected with miR-218-5p mimics for 24 h. Data in D are represented as mean ± SEM of six experimental replicates. **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Genes 13 00260 g004
Genes 13 00260 g005 550
Figure 5. MiR-218-5p inhibits preadipocyte differentiation. (A) MiR-218-5p overexpression in preadipocytes at d 2. (B) Effect of miR-218-5p overexpression and inhibitor on preadipocyte differentiation at d 8. (C) Effect of miR-218-5p overexpression and inhibitor on triglyceride content at d 8. (D) Effect of miR-218-5p overexpression on ACSL1 at mRNA and protein levels at d 2. (E) Effect of miR-218-5p inhibitor on ACSL1 at mRNA and protein levels at d 2. Treatment group: adipocytes treated with miR-218-5p mimics (left) or inhibitor (right). D 2 and d 8: 48 h and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01.
Figure 5. MiR-218-5p inhibits preadipocyte differentiation. (A) MiR-218-5p overexpression in preadipocytes at d 2. (B) Effect of miR-218-5p overexpression and inhibitor on preadipocyte differentiation at d 8. (C) Effect of miR-218-5p overexpression and inhibitor on triglyceride content at d 8. (D) Effect of miR-218-5p overexpression on ACSL1 at mRNA and protein levels at d 2. (E) Effect of miR-218-5p inhibitor on ACSL1 at mRNA and protein levels at d 2. Treatment group: adipocytes treated with miR-218-5p mimics (left) or inhibitor (right). D 2 and d 8: 48 h and 192 h after adipogenic induction. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01.
Genes 13 00260 g005
Genes 13 00260 g006 550
Figure 6. MiR-218-5p targeting ACSL1 affects preadipocyte differentiation. Effect of siRNA-ACSL1, miR-218-5p inhibitor, and co-transfection of both on preadipocyte differentiation at d 8 was determined by Oil Red O staining (A) and triglyceride content detection (B). D 8: 192 h after adipogenic induction. “+” and “−”: the materials (siRNA-NC, miR-218-5p inhibitor-NC, siRNA-ACSL1, and miR-218-5p inhibitor) were transfected (+) or not transfected (−) into preadipocytes. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Figure 6. MiR-218-5p targeting ACSL1 affects preadipocyte differentiation. Effect of siRNA-ACSL1, miR-218-5p inhibitor, and co-transfection of both on preadipocyte differentiation at d 8 was determined by Oil Red O staining (A) and triglyceride content detection (B). D 8: 192 h after adipogenic induction. “+” and “−”: the materials (siRNA-NC, miR-218-5p inhibitor-NC, siRNA-ACSL1, and miR-218-5p inhibitor) were transfected (+) or not transfected (−) into preadipocytes. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ns: p < 0.05.
Genes 13 00260 g006
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Shan, B.; Yan, M.; Yang, K.; Lin, W.; Yan, J.; Wei, S.; Wei, W.; Chen, J.; Zhang, L. MiR-218-5p Affects Subcutaneous Adipogenesis by Targeting ACSL1, a Novel Candidate for Pig Fat Deposition. Genes 2022, 13, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020260

AMA Style

Shan B, Yan M, Yang K, Lin W, Yan J, Wei S, Wei W, Chen J, Zhang L. MiR-218-5p Affects Subcutaneous Adipogenesis by Targeting ACSL1, a Novel Candidate for Pig Fat Deposition. Genes. 2022; 13(2):260. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020260

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shan, Baosen, Mengting Yan, Kai Yang, Weimin Lin, Jiayu Yan, Shengjuan Wei, Wei Wei, Jie Chen, and Lifan Zhang. 2022. "MiR-218-5p Affects Subcutaneous Adipogenesis by Targeting ACSL1, a Novel Candidate for Pig Fat Deposition" Genes 13, no. 2: 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13020260

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop