Non-Thermal Effects of Terahertz Radiation on Gene Expression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Information Sources
2.4. Search
2.5. Study Selection
2.6. Data Collection Process
2.7. Bioinformatical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
Study | Country | Biological Model | Sample (n) | THz Exposure Parameters | RNA Extraction Time Post-Exposure | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f (THz) | Pulse Rate | Pulse Duration | I Average (mW/cm2) | I Peak (mW/cm2) | T (°C) | Δ (°C) Increase | Exposure Duration | |||||
In vitro studies | ||||||||||||
Bock et al. [10] | USA | Mouse stem cells | Duplicates | ~10 | 1 kHz | 35 fs | 1 | ~30 | 21.61 | NC (0.28) | 9 h | NA |
Alexandrov et al. [16] | USA | Mouse stem cells | Triplicates | 2.52 | 1 kHz | 35 fs | ~0 | 2 | 26–27 | NC | 12 h | Immediat. |
Tivota et al. [32] | Canada | Artificial human skin tissue | Quadruplicates | 0.2–2.5 | 1 kHz | NA | 57 | 33 | 21 | <0.7 | 10 min | 30 min |
Bogomazova et al. [35] | Russia | Human embryonic stem cells | Duplicates | 2.3 | CW | NA | 110 | NA | 24 | ~1 | 1 h | 2 h |
Echchgadda et al. [36] | USA | Human jurkat T lymphocytes cell line | Triplicates | 2.52 | CW | NA | 532 | NA | 37 | ~6 | 40 min | 4 h |
Hough et al. [37,38] | Canada | 3D human skin tissue | Quadruplicates | 0.6 | >1 kHz | 50 fs | 74 | 73.8 | 37 | <1 | 10 min | 30 min |
Zhao et al. [39] | China | RPE cells, HCE cells, Müller cells | Quadruplicates | 0.7 | 1 kHz | 0.5 ps | ~1 | 2 | ~37 | <0.2 | 6 h | 15 h |
Shang et al. [31] | China | Rat primary hippocampal neurons | Triplicates | 0.1 | NA | NA | 33 | NA | 37 | NC | 20 min | 2 h |
Peltek et al. [33] | Russia | E. coli | Duplicates | 1.25–3.75 | 5.6–22.4 | 40–100 ps | 0.14 | 0.8 | 37 | 2 | 15 min | 10 min |
Zhao et al. [40] | China | Mouse cortical neurons and oligodendrocytes precursor cells | Quadruplicates | 3.1 | 1 kHz | NA | 70 μW/cm2 | NA | 35 | NC | 15 mn (x3)/day–3 h/day | NA |
Cheon et al. [34] | South Korea | Melanoma cells | Triplicates | 1.6 | 1 kHz | 35 fs | 750 | NA | 38 | NA | 30 min | 0–48 h |
Animal model studies | ||||||||||||
Kim et al. [8] | South Korea | C57BL/6J and BALB/c | Triplicates | 2.50 | 1 kHz | 310 | 0.32 μW/cm2 | NA | 22 | NC | 1 h | 24 h |
Xu et al. [22] | China | Female C57BL/6 | 5–5 | 0.14 | NA | NA | 90 | NA | RT | NC | 10 min | 28 days |
4. Discussion
4.1. Risk of Bias Assessment
4.2. Summary of Evidence
4.3. Exposure Parameters
4.4. Gene Expression Technology
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Gene Expression Profile Method | Log 2 Fold Change | Numbers of DEGs | Pathways | Biological Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bock et al. [10] | Microarray | NA | 2204 | NA | Gene related to the following: Adiponectin ↑; GLUT 4 ↑; FABP4 ↑; PPARG ↑; PPARA ↓; LXR ↓; Cyclin B ↓; TBP ↓ |
Alexandrov et al. [16] | Microarray | 0 | 20 | GO | Gene related to the following: Adiponectin ↑; FABP4 ↑; PPARG ↑; Nfe2l2 ↓; Gem-; Slco4a1 ↓ Gem ↓; Slco4a1 ↓; Arg2 ↓; Ifitm6 ↓; Hspa1a ↓; Hspa1b ↓; Hipk1 ↓; Slc6a12 ↓; 4921509J17Rik ↓; Hspa4l ↓; Rhpn2 ↓; Akr1b3 ↓; Flrt3 ↓; Tet2+; Ctgf ↑; Skil ↓; Fgd3 ↓; Nfe2l2 ↑; Dclre1b ↓; Fn1↓ |
Kim et al. [8] | Microarray | 1.5 | 149 | IPA | Gene related to the following: inflammation (TGF- β ↑); wound healing response (Bmp2 ↑, Cd44 ↑, Thbs1 ↑, Serpine1 ↑, Krt6a ↑, Lep ↑, Sprrb1 ↑) |
Tivota et al. [32] | Microarray | 0.6 | 442 | Gene related to the following: psoriasis (S100 family: S100A11 ↓, S100A15 ↓, S100A12 ↓; Small Proline Rich Region: SPRR1B ↓, SPRR2A ↓, SPRR3 ↓, SPRR2B ↓, SPRR2C ↓, LCE3D ↓, involucrin (IVL) ↓; Serine protease inhibitor: SerpinB3 ↓, SerpinB4 ↓, SerpinB7 ↓, SerpinB13 ↓); atopic dermatitis ↓; epidermal hyperplasia ↓; dermatitis ↓; cancer (DEFB103A ↓, DEFB4 ↓, DEFB1 ↓, LOC728454 ↓, CD24 ↓); apoptotic signaling pathways (S100A ↓, S100P ↓) | |
Echchgadda et al. [36] | Microarray | 2 | 531 | IPA | Gene related to the following: cytoplasm (ARSB ↓, CYP19A1 ↓, CYP2D6+, CYP2E1 ↓, CYP4X1 ↑, GOT1L1 ↑, MAOB ↑, PCYT1B ↑, PLD1 ↑, TAT ↑, ATP2A1 ↑, BHMT ↑, CAD ↓, CTPS2 ↑, SARDH ↑, ACTA1 ↑, ACTA2 ↑, MYH4 ↓, RHOB ↑, RHOJ ↑, WASL ↑, STON2 ↑, MAP2K5 ↑, PDE1A ↑, PIK3C2A ↑, PLCB4 ↓, PLD1 ↑, RAB11B ↑, RAB7A ↑, RGS7 ↓, SOS2 ↓); plasma membrane (CD44 ↓, ATP2B3 ↑, CDH19 ↑, DSP ↑, ITGB1 ↑, ITGB3 ↓, ADRA1D ↑, DRD1 ↓, FGFR3 ↑, GABBR2 ↑, GNA11 ↑, NPR3 ↑, NTRK2 ↑, PTGER3 ↑,); cell shape, adhesion and cytoskeleton organization; immune response (HLA-DPA1 ↓, HLA-DQA1 ↑, IGHG1 ↑, IL4 ↑); transcription (ATF2 ↑, APBB1 ↑, JUN ↑, TNL2 ↑, RGS12 ↑); extracellular space (CANT1 ↓, FGF10 ↓, FGF7 ↓, PLAU ↑, ALB ↓, APOE ↑) |
Echchgadda et al. [36] | Microarray | 2 | 531 | IPA | Gene related to the following: cytoplasm (ARSB ↓, CYP19A1 ↓, CYP2D6+, CYP2E1 ↓, CYP4X1 ↑, GOT1L1 ↑, MAOB ↑, PCYT1B ↑, PLD1 ↑, TAT ↑, ATP2A1 ↑, BHMT ↑, CAD ↓, CTPS2 ↑, SARDH ↑, ACTA1 ↑, ACTA2 ↑, MYH4 ↓, RHOB ↑, RHOJ ↑, WASL ↑, STON2 ↑, MAP2K5 ↑, PDE1A ↑, PIK3C2A ↑, PLCB4 ↓, PLD1 ↑, RAB11B ↑, RAB7A ↑, RGS7 ↓, SOS2 ↓); plasma membrane (CD44 ↓, ATP2B3 ↑, CDH19 ↑, DSP ↑, ITGB1 ↑, ITGB3 ↓, ADRA1D ↑, DRD1 ↓, FGFR3 ↑, GABBR2 ↑, GNA11 ↑, NPR3 ↑, NTRK2 ↑, PTGER3 ↑,); cell shape, adhesion and cytoskeleton organization; immune response (HLA-DPA1 ↓, HLA-DQA1 ↑, IGHG1 ↑, IL4 ↑); transcription (ATF2 ↑, APBB1 ↑, JUN ↑, TNL2 ↑, RGS12 ↑); extracellular space (CANT1 ↓, FGF10 ↓, FGF7 ↓, PLAU ↑, ALB ↓, APOE ↑) |
Bogomazova et al. [35] | Microarray | 1.5 | 73 | GO | Gene related to the following: mitochondrial ribosome (MRPL34 ↑, MRPL43 ↑, MRPL55 ↑, MRPS24 ↑) |
Hough et al. [37,38] | Microarray | 1.5 | 1681 | GO and KEGG | Gene related to the following: Ras–Raf–Mek–Erk Cascade (KRAS ↓, RAS ↓, MAPK3 ↓); apoptosis (AKT ↑); pro-inflammatory AND cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction (CXCL16 ↓, BMP7 ↓, CCL8 ↑, CXCL5 ↑, CCL20 ↑, Il-6 ↑, IL-24 ↑); glioma pathway (CXCL16 ↓, BMP7 ↓, CCL8 ↑, CXCL5 ↑, CCL20 ↑, Il-6 ↑, IL-24 ↑, HGF ↑, RAP1B ↑, FGF2 ↑, FGF7 ↑, RAC2 ↓, RRAS ↓, EFNA1 ↓, PGF ↓, calmodulin family: CALML5 ↓, CALML3 ↓, CALML1 ↓, CAMK families ↓), calmodulin (CaM ↓), calmodulin-like (CaLM ↓), and calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) families, GNAI3 ↓, EDNRB ↑, PPP3CC ↑. |
Zhao et al. [39] | RNA-Seq | 1.5 | HCE+ Müller+ RPE = 766 | GO | Gene related to the following: cell growth, differentiation and migration (RET ↑, ALK ↑, ROS1 ↑); fibroblast growth factor (FGFR2 ↑); stable spindle microtubule (CENPE ↓); MUC16 ↓; COL1A2 ↑ |
Peltek et al. [33] | RNA-Seq | 2 (up) 1 (down) | 741 | KEGG | Gene related to the following: cell aggregation (tdcABCDEFGR, and matA-F genes); suppression of cell motility (gene yjjQ); suppression of cell division (dicABCF, FtsZ, and minCDE); adhesin synthesis (sfmACDHF); cell envelope stabilization (yjbEFGH, gfcA)|pilus ↑; molecular functions of fimbrial porins ↑; organization and assembli of pili ↑; cell adhesion ↑; cytoplasmic genes ↓; genes of the respiratory chain ↓; ribosomes ↓; processes of aerobic respiration ↓; translation ↓ |
Shang et al. [31] | RNA-Seq | 1 | 165 | GO and KEGG | Gene related to the following: ribosome (small subunit: Rps18, Rps28; large subunit: Rp136, Rp136A, Rp135; mitoribosomal: Mrps18c, Mrps15, Mrps11; Mrp114; Mrp118, Mrp158, Mrp121) ↑; calcium signaling pathway; axon guidance; insulin signaling pathway; GTPase MF: Rab GTPase binding; guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity; GTPase binding; small GTPase binding; Ras GTPase binding Aquaporin (Aqp5) ↑; matrix metallopeptidase (Mmp3) ↑; transcriptional factor (Erf) ↓; alipoprotein (Apof) ↓; plasma membrane calcium ATPase (Atp2b4) ↓; intracellular receptor for inositol (Itpr1)↓ |
Zhao et al. [40] | Microarray | 1.5 | 1249 | GO and KEGG | Gene related to the following: neuron projection ↑; synapse organization ↑; dendritic spine ↑; actin binding ↓; cytoskeleton organization ↓; response to stimulus ↓ Ppp1r2 ↑, Camk2b ↑, Fmr1 ↑, Nlgn1 ↑, Nrxn1 ↑, Rapgef ↑, Brwd3 ↓, Crx ↓, Olfr18 ↓, Svil ↓, Tas2r1 ↓, Tnf ↓ |
Cheon et al. [34] | Microarray | 2 | KEGG | Gene related to the following: cancer, apoptosis pathways, and inflammation related-gene (transcription factor for AP-1: JUN, FOS, CXCL8 ↓) | |
Xu et al. [22] | RNA-Seq | 1 | 137 | GO and KEGG | Gene related to the following: inflammation; immune regulation; IL-17 signaling pathway (alipoprotein C-I ↑; alipoprotein C-IV ↑; immunoglobulin lambda constant 1 ↑; immunoglobulin heavy constant γ 2B ↑) |
Dataset | Author | Year | GSE ID | Platform | Cell Type | Total Sample |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dataset_1 | Alexandrov et al. [16] | 2013 | GSE41083 | GPL1261 [Mouse430_2] Affymetrix | Mouse stem cells | 6 |
Dataset_2 | Alexandrov et al. [16] | 2013 | GSE41084 | GPL1261 [Mouse430_2] Affymetrix | Mouse stem cells | 6 |
Dataset_3 | Alexandrov et al. [16] | 2013 | GSE41085 | GPL1261 [Mouse430_2] Affymetrix | Mouse stem cells | 6 |
Dataset_4 | Kim et al. [8] | 2013 | GSE44671 | GPL6246 [MoGene-1_0-st] Affymetrix | C57BL/6J and BALB/c skin cell | 6 |
Dataset_5 | Zhao et al. [40] | 2021 | GSE178729 | GPL21163 Array Agilent-074809 | Mouse cortical neurons and oligodendrocytes precursor cells | 6 |
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Dione, M.N.; Shang, S.; Zhang, Q.; Zhao, S.; Lu, X. Non-Thermal Effects of Terahertz Radiation on Gene Expression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Genes 2024, 15, 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15081045
Dione MN, Shang S, Zhang Q, Zhao S, Lu X. Non-Thermal Effects of Terahertz Radiation on Gene Expression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Genes. 2024; 15(8):1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15081045
Chicago/Turabian StyleDione, Mactar Ndiaga, Sen Shang, Qi Zhang, Sicheng Zhao, and Xiaoyun Lu. 2024. "Non-Thermal Effects of Terahertz Radiation on Gene Expression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Genes 15, no. 8: 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15081045