Health Effects of Air-Quality Regulations in Seoul Metropolitan Area: Applying Synthetic Control Method to Controlled-Interrupted Time-Series Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Intervention and Study Population
2.2. Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Descriptive Analysis of Air Quality
2.3.2. Synthetic Control Method
2.3.3. Controlled-Interrupted Time-Series Analysis
2.3.4. Sensitivity Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results of Air Quality
3.2. Synthetic Controls
3.3. Controlled-Interrupted Time-Series Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | Pre-Intervention Period | Post-Intervention Period | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Total | Mean | Total | |
Seoul | 10.19 | 1101.01 | 5.63 | 743.65 |
Synthetic control of Seoul | 10.36 | 1118.38 | 6.79 | 896.64 |
Incheon | 12.48 | 134 7.58 | 7.46 | 985.31 |
Synthetic control of Incheon | 12.48 | 1347.55 | 7.84 | 1034.35 |
Seoul | Incheon | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Synthetic Control | Daejeon | Synthetic Control | Daejeon | |
Cardiovascular Mortality Rate | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.18 |
Smoking rate | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
PM10 concentration | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.23 |
Temperature | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
Pneumonia mortality rate | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.34 | 0.49 |
Gross regional domestic product (GRDP) | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.06 | 0.51 |
% of urban population | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Avoidable mortality rate | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
Mean | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.22 |
Seoul | Incheon | |
---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | |
β0 (Intercept) | −9.0387 (−9.0691, −9.0083) b | −8.8282 (−8.8618, −8.7946) a |
β1 (Time trend) | −0.0006 (−0.001, −0.0003) b | 0 (−0.0004, 0.0003) a |
β2 (Slope change) | −0.001 (−0.0015, −0.0004) b | −0.0006 (−0.0012, 0) a |
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Kim, S.-Y.; Kim, H.; Lee, J.-T. Health Effects of Air-Quality Regulations in Seoul Metropolitan Area: Applying Synthetic Control Method to Controlled-Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080868
Kim S-Y, Kim H, Lee J-T. Health Effects of Air-Quality Regulations in Seoul Metropolitan Area: Applying Synthetic Control Method to Controlled-Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(8):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080868
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Soo-Yeon, Hyomi Kim, and Jong-Tae Lee. 2020. "Health Effects of Air-Quality Regulations in Seoul Metropolitan Area: Applying Synthetic Control Method to Controlled-Interrupted Time-Series Analysis" Atmosphere 11, no. 8: 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080868