SARS-CoV-2 RNA Recovery from Air Sampled on Quartz Fiber Filters: A Matter of Sample Preservation?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Standard SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Inactivated SARS-CoV-2
2.2. Sampling Procedure
2.3. Sample Storage
2.4. Extraction and Purification Procedure
2.5. Reverse Transcription–Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- −
- In a sealed container for preservation at 4 °C;
- −
- In a viral transport medium for preservation at a temperature below 0 °C (e.g., −20 °C or −80 °C).
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Article | Sampling Area | Sampler | Filter Material | Sample Preservation | No. of Samples | % of Positive Samples 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barbieri et al., 2021 [8] | Indoor air of a hospital in Italy | Low-volume sampler | quartz fiber | immediately analyzed | 5 | 20% (Ct < 40) |
Chirizzi et al., 2021 [9] | Indoor environments in Italy | Low-volume and sequential samplers | quartz fiber | −25°C (in Petri dish) | 60 | 0% (>0.8 copies/m3) |
Conte et al., 2021 [10] | Indoor environments in Italy | Various high- and low-volume samplers | quartz fiber | either −25 °C or −80 °C | 69 | 0% (>0.58 copies/μL) |
Linillos-Pradillo et al., 2021 [11] | Outdoors in Spain | High-volume samplers | quartz fiber | liquid nitrogen (in Falcon tube) | 18 | 0% (Ct < 35) |
Pivato et al., 2021 [12] | Outdoors in Italy | Low-volume sampler | quartz fiber | −20 °C (in Petri dish) | 44 | 0% (Ct < 40) |
Setti et al., 2020 [13] | Outdoors in Italy | Low-volume sampler | quartz fiber | 4 °C (in sealed container) | 34 | 24% (Ct < 40) |
Stern et al., 2021 [14] | Indoor air in hospitals and temporary quarantine facility | Low-volume sampler | glass fiber | 4 °C (in sealed container) | 98 | 8% (Ct < 39) |
Hadei et al., 2021 [15] | Indoor environments in Iran | Medium- and low-volume samplers | PTFE; glass fiber | 4 °C (in sealed container) | 23; 5 | 65%; 60% |
Kayalar et al., 2021 [16] | Outdoors in Turkey | Various high- and low-volume samplers | PTFE; glass fiber | −20 °C (in Petri dish) | 117; 76 | 13%; 7% (>0.1 copies/m3) |
Robotto et al., 2021 [17] | Indoor air in private house of COVID-19 patients in Italy | Low- and high-volume samplers | PTFE; glass fiber | −80 °C (in medium) | 4; 10 | 75%; 100% (Ct < 40) |
Bazzazpour et al., 2021 [18] | Indoor air of dental clinics in Iran | High-volume sampler | PTFE | 4 °C (in Petri dish) | 36 | 36% |
Ghaffari et al., 2021 [19] | Indoor air of hospitals in Iran | Low-volume sampler | PTFE | −20 °C (in medium) | 16 | 12.5% |
Grimalt et al., 2022 [20] | Indoor air of a hospital in Spain | Low-volume sampler | PTFE | immersed in medium and analyzed | 47 | 68% (Ct < 44.25) |
Sample | Analyte | Sampling | T | RH% | Days at −80 °C | Spotted Copies | Extracted Copies | % of Recovered Copies |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RNA1p | RNA | passive | 19.5 | 48.44 | 26 | 1.46 × 106 | NQ | - |
RNA1a | RNA | active | 19.27 | 46.00 | 26 | 1.46 × 106 | NQ | - |
RNA2a | RNA | active | 20.20 | 63.09 | 19 | 1.46 × 106 | NQ | - |
RNA3a | RNA | active | 20.41 | 49.66 | 21 | 1.46 × 106 | NQ | - |
SCV1p | SARS-CoV-2 | passive | 21.67 | 48.22 | 6 | 9.30 × 107 | 1.25 × 106 | 1.34% |
SCV1a | SARS-CoV-2 | active | 21.67 | 48.22 | 6 | 9.30 × 107 | 1.58 × 106 | 1.70% |
SCV2p | SARS-CoV-2 | passive | 20.86 | 51.39 | 1 | 7.98 × 107 | 4.95 × 106 | 6.20% |
SCV2a | SARS-CoV-2 | active | 20.86 | 51.39 | 1 | 7.98 × 107 | 4.66 × 106 | 5.84% |
SCV3p | SARS-CoV-2 | passive | 22.06 | 56.17 | 28 | 2.51 × 107 | 1.76 × 105 | 0.70% |
SCV3a | SARS-CoV-2 | active | 22.06 | 56.17 | 28 | 2.51 × 107 | 2.95 × 105 | 1.17% |
RNA1blank | RNA | - | - | - | 27 | 1.46 × 106 | NQ | - |
RNA2blank | RNA | - | - | - | 27 | 1.46 × 106 | NQ | - |
RNA3blank | RNA | - | - | - | 0 | 4.75 × 108 | 6.42 × 107 | 13.51% |
SCV1blank | SARS-CoV-2 | - | - | - | 54 | 9.30 × 107 | 8.14 × 104 | 0.09% |
SCV2blank | SARS-CoV-2 | - | - | - | 40 | 1.90 × 107 | NQ | - |
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Licen, S.; Zupin, L.; Martello, L.; Torboli, V.; Semeraro, S.; Gardossi, A.L.; Greco, E.; Fontana, F.; Crovella, S.; Ruscio, M.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA Recovery from Air Sampled on Quartz Fiber Filters: A Matter of Sample Preservation? Atmosphere 2022, 13, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020340
Licen S, Zupin L, Martello L, Torboli V, Semeraro S, Gardossi AL, Greco E, Fontana F, Crovella S, Ruscio M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA Recovery from Air Sampled on Quartz Fiber Filters: A Matter of Sample Preservation? Atmosphere. 2022; 13(2):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020340
Chicago/Turabian StyleLicen, Sabina, Luisa Zupin, Lorenzo Martello, Valentina Torboli, Sabrina Semeraro, Anna Lilian Gardossi, Enrico Greco, Francesco Fontana, Sergio Crovella, Maurizio Ruscio, and et al. 2022. "SARS-CoV-2 RNA Recovery from Air Sampled on Quartz Fiber Filters: A Matter of Sample Preservation?" Atmosphere 13, no. 2: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020340