Conifers May Ameliorate Urban Heat Waves Better Than Broadleaf Trees: Evidence from Vancouver, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Land Cover Classification
2.2.2. Landsat
Band Transformations
2.3. Spatial Analysis
2.4. Air Temperature Comparison
2.5. Bayesian Models
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Mean | SD | 2.5% | 50% | 97.5% | n_eff | Rhat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
buildings | 37.27 | 0.01 | 37.24 | 37.27 | 37.29 | 5520.00 | 1.00 |
paved | 36.82 | 0.01 | 36.80 | 36.82 | 36.84 | 6138.00 | 1.00 |
otherBuilt | 36.25 | 0.14 | 35.97 | 36.25 | 36.52 | 7381.00 | 1.00 |
barren | 33.50 | 0.03 | 33.45 | 33.51 | 33.56 | 5216.00 | 1.00 |
soil | 32.52 | 0.05 | 32.43 | 32.52 | 32.61 | 2293.00 | 1.00 |
coniferous | 25.07 | 0.03 | 25.02 | 25.07 | 25.13 | 1331.00 | 1.00 |
deciduous | 28.67 | 0.01 | 28.65 | 28.67 | 28.69 | 6124.00 | 1.00 |
shrubs | 28.82 | 0.06 | 28.70 | 28.82 | 28.94 | 7278.00 | 1.00 |
modifiedGrassHerb | 31.59 | 0.01 | 31.57 | 31.59 | 31.62 | 3230.00 | 1.00 |
naturalGrassHerb | 28.81 | 0.03 | 28.74 | 28.81 | 28.87 | 4271.00 | 1.00 |
nonPhotoVeg | 32.85 | 0.07 | 32.71 | 32.85 | 32.98 | 3722.00 | 1.00 |
buildings × albedo_std | −0.75 | 0.02 | −0.79 | −0.75 | −0.71 | 7190.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × paved | −0.18 | 0.03 | −0.24 | −0.18 | −0.12 | 7399.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × otherBuilt | −1.00 | 0.16 | −1.32 | −1.00 | −0.69 | 7191.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × barren | 0.39 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.47 | 5799.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × soil | −3.39 | 0.06 | −3.51 | −3.39 | −3.28 | 2357.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × coniferous | 3.79 | 0.04 | 3.71 | 3.79 | 3.88 | 1354.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × deciduous | −1.70 | 0.03 | −1.77 | −1.70 | −1.63 | 8035.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × shrubs | −0.92 | 0.13 | −1.19 | −0.92 | −0.66 | 6588.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × modifiedGrassHerb | −2.39 | 0.02 | −2.43 | −2.39 | −2.35 | 3121.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × naturalGrassHerb | −1.47 | 0.08 | −1.62 | −1.47 | −1.32 | 4419.00 | 1.00 |
albedo_std × nonPhotoVeg | −0.33 | 0.13 | −0.57 | −0.33 | −0.08 | 3788.00 | 1.00 |
sigma | 3.15 | 0.00 | 3.14 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 1555.00 | 1.00 |
mean | sd | 2.5% | 50% | 97.5% | n_eff | Rhat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
buildings | 37.56 | 0.01 | 37.54 | 37.57 | 37.59 | 5618.00 | 1.00 |
paved | 36.97 | 0.01 | 36.95 | 36.97 | 36.99 | 6143.00 | 1.00 |
otherBuilt | 36.55 | 0.15 | 36.25 | 36.55 | 36.83 | 5412.00 | 1.00 |
barren | 33.62 | 0.03 | 33.57 | 33.62 | 33.67 | 4992.00 | 1.00 |
soil | 30.32 | 0.03 | 30.26 | 30.32 | 30.38 | 4876.00 | 1.00 |
coniferous | 23.01 | 0.01 | 22.98 | 23.01 | 23.03 | 6251.00 | 1.00 |
deciduous | 28.99 | 0.01 | 28.97 | 28.99 | 29.01 | 5824.00 | 1.00 |
shrubs | 28.59 | 0.06 | 28.48 | 28.60 | 28.71 | 5181.00 | 1.00 |
modifiedGrassHerb | 30.38 | 0.01 | 30.36 | 30.38 | 30.40 | 7429.00 | 1.00 |
naturalGrassHerb | 29.40 | 0.03 | 29.35 | 29.40 | 29.45 | 4701.00 | 1.00 |
nonPhotoVeg | 32.82 | 0.05 | 32.72 | 32.83 | 32.93 | 4411.00 | 1.00 |
sigma | 3.21 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 3.21 | 3.21 | 683.00 | 1.00 |
Mean | SD | 2.5% | 50% | 97.5% | n_eff | Rhat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
buildings | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 5745.00 | 1.00 |
paved | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 5303.00 | 1.00 |
otherBuilt | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 4810.00 | 1.00 |
barren | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 4966.00 | 1.00 |
soil | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 4654.00 | 1.00 |
coniferous | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 5753.00 | 1.00 |
deciduous | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 5485.00 | 1.00 |
shrubs | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 3948.00 | 1.00 |
modifiedGrassHerb | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 6186.00 | 1.00 |
naturalGrassHerb | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 4127.00 | 1.00 |
nonPhotoVeg | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 4629.00 | 1.00 |
sigma | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1188.00 | 1.00 |
Mean | SD | 2.5% | 50% | 97.5% | n_eff | Rhat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 31.80 | 0.01 | 31.79 | 31.80 | 31.81 | 638.00 | 1.01 |
albedo_std | 0.72 | 0.01 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.74 | 4452.00 | 1.00 |
sigma | 5.16 | 0.00 | 5.16 | 5.16 | 5.17 | 2912.00 | 1.00 |
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Eyster, H.N.; Beckage, B. Conifers May Ameliorate Urban Heat Waves Better Than Broadleaf Trees: Evidence from Vancouver, Canada. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050830
Eyster HN, Beckage B. Conifers May Ameliorate Urban Heat Waves Better Than Broadleaf Trees: Evidence from Vancouver, Canada. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(5):830. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050830
Chicago/Turabian StyleEyster, Harold N., and Brian Beckage. 2022. "Conifers May Ameliorate Urban Heat Waves Better Than Broadleaf Trees: Evidence from Vancouver, Canada" Atmosphere 13, no. 5: 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050830