Evolution of Dew and Rain Water Resources in Gujarat (India) between 2005 and 2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Meteorological Data and Methods
3.1. Dew Yield Estimation from Meteorological Data
Sites | Start Date | End Date | Abbreviation | Köppen Geiger Climate | Lat. | Long. | Number of Dew Days | Sum Dew (Meas; mm) | Sum Dew (Kriging; mm) | Alt (m) | Distance from the Sea (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panandhro 1 | 08/10/05 | 17/04/06 | PH | BWh | 23°40′01″ N | 68°46′01″ E | 69 | 11.7 8; 14.2 9 | - | 52 | 39 |
Kothara 2 | 01/10/04 | 31/05/05 | KO | BWh | 23°13′23″ N | 68°45′00″ E | 72 3; 74 4 | 5.37 3; 7.24 4 | 5.74 | 5 | 21 |
Mithapur 5 | 10/2006 | 05/2007 | MI | BWh | 22°25′30″ N | 69°01′26″ E | 89 | 4.03 | - | 4 | 2 |
Suthari 10 | 01/10/05 | 31/05/06 | - | BWh | 23°02’02” N | 68°54’58″ E | - | 4.6 | 3.9 | 37 | 2 |
DA_IICT, Gandhinagar 6 | 06/12/20 | 31/03/21 | - | BSh/Aw | 23°12′23″ N | 72°38′51″ E | 95 | 4.3 | - | 76 | 15 |
DA_IICT, Gandhinagar 7 | 09/12/21 | 31/03/21 | - | BSh/Aw | 23°12′23″ N | 72°38′51″ E | 55 | 3.62 | - | 76 | 15 |
Balva 6 | 22/12/20 | 31/03/21 | - | BSh/Aw | 23°14′35″ N | 72°26′15″ E | 82 | 7.62 | - | 69 | 15 |
Mehsana 6 | 29/12/20 | 31/03/21 | - | BSh/Aw | 23°34′08″ N | 72°25′12″ E | 19 | 0.88 | - | 90 | 60 |
Ahmadabad 6 | 14/01/21 | 31/03/21 | - | BSh/Aw | 23°00′16″ N | 72°37′33″ E | 11 | 0.11 | - | 55 | 8 |
Rajkot 6 | 24/01/21 | 26/04/21 | - | BSh | 22°24′57″ N | 70°47′17″ E | 86 | 3.47 | - | 113 | 12 |
Porbandar 6 | 25/01/21 | 30/04/21 | - | BSh | 21°38′51″ N | 69°39′40″ E | 92 | 8.24 | - | 4 | 0 |
Junagadh 6 | 24/01/21 | 30/04/21 | - | BSh | 21°30′46″ N | 70°27′40″ E | 92 | 1.72 | - | 84 | 30 |
Jamnagar 6 | 25/01/21 | 30/04/21 | - | BSh | 22°31′33″ N | 69°59′05″ E | 89 | 11.98 | - | 5 | 8 |
3.2. Extraction of Meteorological Data
3.3. Dew Volume Measurements
3.4. Kriging Maps
4. Dew Results
4.1. Significant Meteorological Data
4.2. Dew Volume Maps
4.3. Dew Volume Evolution
4.4. Comparison with Direct Measurements
4.4.1. Map of Historical Dew Patterns in India
4.4.2. Kutch District
4.4.3. Other Data
4.4.4. Present Study
5. Rain Results
6. Dew–Rain Correlations
6.1. Correlation in Dew and Rain Evolutions
6.2. Ratio of Dew and Rain Volume Contributions
7. Discussion
7.1. Dew and Relative Humidity
7.2. Dew and Monsoon Interactions
7.3. Evolution and Tendencies for Future Years
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Glossary and Acronyms
Latin Symbols | Units | Definition |
L m−2 h−1 or mm h−1 | dew volumic rate per unit surface area rate during ∆t | |
m s−1 | windspeed at 10 m above the ground | |
m s−1 | windspeed at z above the ground | |
∆h | L m−2 or mm | dew volume per unit surface area per time ∆t |
∆t | hour h. | measurement period |
Card | number of elements | |
COVID-19 | COronaVIrus Disease of 2019 | |
DA-IICT | Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology | |
h | L m−2 or mm | dew volume per unit surface area |
H | km | site elevation |
L m−2 h−1 or mm h−1 | convective heat losses air/condenser | |
LDPE | low density polyethylene | |
N | okta | cloud cover |
p | number of measured data | |
p | number of studied days | |
PVC | polyvinyl chloride | |
L m−2 h−1 or mm h−1 | radiative cooling energy | |
S0 | m | predicted location |
sum (value) | value unit × time unit | time cumulated values (integral) |
t | hour h., days d., month mth., year yr. | time |
tdew | % | fraction of dew days |
Ta | °C | air temperature |
Td | °C | dew point temperature |
tdew | number of dewy days | |
UV | Ultraviolet | |
V10 | m s−1 | wind speed at 10 m elevation |
WHO | World Health Organization | |
WU | Weather Underground | |
z | m | height above the ground |
Z(si) | value unit | measured value at the ith location |
zc | m | roughness length where V = 0 |
Greek symbols | Units | Definition |
semi-variogram | ||
ϵ(N) | mean dew ratio | |
λi | weighing coefficient |
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Country | Sites | Period of Data | Abbrev. | Köppen Geiger Climate | Dew (D) and/or Rain (R) | Lat. | Long. | Lat. Dec. | Long. Dec. | Alt (m) | Dew Data Time Step (h) | Distance from Sea (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
India | Ahmadabad | 2005–2021 | AH | BSh/Aw | D/R | 23°04′38″ N | 72°38′05″ E | 23.077 | 72.635 | 58 | 0.5–1 | 83 |
India | Bhuj 1 | 2005–2021 | BH | BSh | D/R | 23°17′16″ N | 69°40′13″ E | 23.288 | 69.670 | 82 | 3 | 47 |
India | Vadodara | 2005–2021 | VA | BSh/Aw | D/R | 22°19′46″ N | 73°13′10″ E | 22.329 | 73.219 | 39 | 0.5–1 | 25 |
India | Bhavnagar 1 | 2005–2021 | BV | BSh | D/R | 21°45′08″ N | 72°11′07″ E | 21.752 | 72.185 | 13 | 3 | 12 |
India | Daman 1 | 2005–2021 | DA | Aw | D/R | 20°26′04″ N | 72°50′36″ E | 20.434 | 72.843 | 10 | 3 | 2 |
India | Jamnagar 1 | 2005–2021 | JA | BSh | D/R | 22°27′56″ N | 70°00′45″ E | 22.466 | 70.013 | 21 | 3 | 10 |
India | Kandla 1 | 2005–2021 | KA | BWh | D/R | 23°06′46″ N | 70°06′01″ E | 23.113 | 70.100 | 29 | 3 | 2 |
India | Junagadh 1 | 2005–2021 | JU | BSh | D/R | 21°19′01″ N | 70°16′13″ E | 21.317 | 70.270 | 51 | 3 | 59 |
India | Porbandar 1 | 2005–2021 | PO | BSh | D/R | 21°38′55″ N | 69°39′26″ E | 21.649 | 69.657 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
India | Rajkot 1 | 2005–2021 | RA | BSh | D/R | 22°18′33″ N | 70°46′46″ E | 22.309 | 70.779 | 135 | 3 | 71 |
India | Surat 1 | 2005–2021 | SU | Aw | D/R | 21°7′3.6″ N | 72°44′43″ E | 21.117 | 72.740 | 5 | 3 | 17 |
Pakistan | Karachi | 2005–2021 | KR | BWh | D/R 2 | 24°54′24″ N | 67°09′39″ E | 24.907 | 67.161 | 21 | 0.5 | 10 |
India | New Delhi | 2005–2021 | NE | BSh | D/R 2 | 28°33′00″ N | 77°05′00″ E | 28.550 | 77.083 | 220 | 0.5 | 925 |
India | Jaipur | 2005–2021 | JP | BSh | D/R 2 | 26°49′27″ N | 75°48′44″ E | 26.824 | 75.812 | 385 | 0.5–1 | 794 |
India | Gwalior 1 | 2005–2021 | GW | Csa | D/R 2 | 26°17′36″ N | 78°13′40″ E | 26.293 | 78.228 | 188 | 0.5–3 | 709 |
October–April | 2005–2013 (Nmeas) | 2005–2013 (N = 1) | 2014–2021 (Missing Data N = 1) | 2005–2021 (Missing Data N = 1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
min | 0.7 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
max | 8.4 | 10.4 | 18.0 | 12.2 |
mean | 3.4 | 3.4 | 5.8 | 4.6 |
Std. Deviation | 2.3 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 2.6 |
median | 2.1 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 3.5 |
Site | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | March | April | Sum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Delhi | Sharan | 1.17 | 2.02 | 2.73 | 2.32 | 1.38 | 0.56 | 0.07 | 10.25 |
Our Study | 0.46 | 0.76 | 1.93 | 2.67 | 1.76 | 0.79 | 0.10 | 8.47 | |
Vadodara | Sharan | 0.84 | 0.51 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 1.79 |
Our Study | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 1.50 | |
Surat | Sharan | 1.82 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.28 | 0.97 | 1.54 | 0.73 | 8.19 |
Our Study | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.60 | 1.90 | |
Junagadh | Sharan | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.13 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 2.42 |
Our Study | 0.99 | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 1.05 | 1.74 | 1.88 | 6.81 | |
Rajkot | Sharan | 1.13 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.55 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 3.37 |
Our Study | 1.21 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 5.01 | |
Bhuj | Sharan | 1.62 | 0.99 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.82 | 0.90 | 1.37 | 6.99 |
Our Study | 0.47 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 3.41 |
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Budhbhatti, R.; Roy, A.K.; Muselli, M.; Beysens, D. Evolution of Dew and Rain Water Resources in Gujarat (India) between 2005 and 2021. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080989
Budhbhatti R, Roy AK, Muselli M, Beysens D. Evolution of Dew and Rain Water Resources in Gujarat (India) between 2005 and 2021. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(8):989. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080989
Chicago/Turabian StyleBudhbhatti, Rupal, Anil K. Roy, Marc Muselli, and Daniel Beysens. 2024. "Evolution of Dew and Rain Water Resources in Gujarat (India) between 2005 and 2021" Atmosphere 15, no. 8: 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080989