Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts in the Yellow and Bohai Seas of China and Study of Their Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. Sounding Data
2.1.2. Reanalysis Data
2.2. Atmospheric Duct Model
2.2.1. Lower Atmospheric Ducts
2.2.2. Evaporation Duct Model
2.3. Evaporation Duct Diagnostic Model
2.4. Parabolic Equation Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Atmospheric Duct Distribution Characteristics in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea
3.1.1. Distribution Characteristics of Lower Atmospheric Ducts
3.1.2. Distribution Characteristics of Evaporation Ducts
3.2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics in Atmospheric Ducting Environments
3.2.1. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics in Evaporation Duct Environments
3.2.2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics in Surface Duct Environments
3.2.3. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics in Hybrid Duct Environments
4. Conclusions
- Evaporation duct distribution characteristics: In the Bohai Sea region, the height of evaporation ducts is highest in spring and autumn (13 m) and lowest in winter (7 m); in the Yellow Sea region, it is highest in autumn (12 m) and lowest in summer (6 m). The height distribution of ducts in the Yellow Sea is uneven, as it is higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest from November to March, while it is higher in the north and lower in the south in April and May.
- Low-altitude atmospheric duct distribution characteristics: Surface ducts have a higher occurrence rate from May to September and a lower rate from October to April of the following year; elevated ducts have the highest occurrence rate in October (60%).
- Electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics: In an evaporation duct environment, propagation loss increases slowly with distance, and the loss in a non-uniform environment is greater than in a uniform environment; in a surface duct environment, the propagation loss exhibits periodic fluctuations with distance, with fluctuation amplitudes exceeding 47 dB. The propagation loss in a mixed duct environment is between that of evaporation ducts and surface ducts, filling the shadow area from 10 m to 70 m.
- Impacts of frequency and antenna height: In an evaporation duct environment, the higher the frequency and the lower the antenna height, the smaller the propagation loss; in a surface duct environment, the frequency has a smaller impact, but increasing the antenna height widens the low-propagation-loss region. In a mixed duct environment, at low frequencies and antenna heights greater than the evaporation duct height, the propagation characteristics are similar to those of surface ducts; at high frequencies and antenna heights lower than the evaporation duct height, the characteristics are similar to those of evaporation ducts.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station Number | Latitude | Longtitude | Elevation | Parameter |
---|---|---|---|---|
47,102 | 37.97 | 124.63 | 158 (m) | |
47,169 | 34.68 | 125.45 | 69 (m) | Atmospheric Pressure (PRES, hPa) |
47,186 | 33.33 | 126.68 | 235 (m) | Geopotential Height (HGHT, m) |
54,662 | 38.90 | 121.63 | 97 (m) | Temperature (TEMP, °C) |
54,857 | 36.06 | 120.33 | 77 (m) | Relative Humidity (RELH, %) |
58,362 | 31.40 | 121.46 | 4 (m) |
Reanalysis Variables | Level | Horizontal Resolution |
---|---|---|
Air temperature (K) | 2 m | 0.25° × 0.25° |
Sea-surface temperature (K) | Sea surface | |
Sea-level pressure (Pa) | Sea surface | |
Dewpoint temperature (K) | 2 m | |
U component of wind (m/s) | 10 m | |
V component of wind (m/s) | 10 m |
Station | Surface Duct Base Height | Surface Duct Thickness | Surface Duct Strength | Elevated Duct Base Height | Elevated Duct Thickness | Elevated Duct Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
47,102 | 167.1 | 52.8 | 8.8 | 1171.8 | 87.9 | 8.3 |
47,169 | 98.7 | 55.8 | 9.3 | 1218.9 | 88.2 | 8.8 |
47,186 | 237.9 | 45.1 | 6.1 | 1390.7 | 86.7 | 9.8 |
54,662 | 104.7 | 113.4 | 7.9 | 1228.8 | 133.1 | 7.8 |
54,857 | 80.6 | 121.4 | 9.5 | 1152.0 | 129.5 | 8.1 |
58,362 | 46.8 | 68.9 | 7.1 | 1264.9 | 97.9 | 10.9 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Transmitting antenna height | 5 m |
Transmitting frequency | 15 GHz |
Antenna type | Gaussian antenna |
Polarization type | Horizontal |
Height | 0–100 m or 0–300 m |
Range | 0–222 km |
Modified refractivity profile | Surface duct/evaporation duct/hybrid duct |
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Yang, X.; Li, L.; Lin, L.; Zhang, R.; Liang, S.; Zhao, Z. Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts in the Yellow and Bohai Seas of China and Study of Their Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091041
Yang X, Li L, Lin L, Zhang R, Liang S, Zhao Z. Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts in the Yellow and Bohai Seas of China and Study of Their Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(9):1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091041
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Xiao, Lei Li, Leke Lin, Rui Zhang, Shuaishuai Liang, and Zhenwei Zhao. 2024. "Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Ducts in the Yellow and Bohai Seas of China and Study of Their Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Characteristics" Atmosphere 15, no. 9: 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091041