Spatiotemporal Variation Patterns of Drought in Liaoning Province, China, Based on Copula Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Calculation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
2.3.2. Calculation of Drought Indices
- (1)
- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
- (2)
- Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI)
- (3)
- Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
- (4)
- Combined Joint Drought Index (CJDI)
2.3.3. Calculation of Drought Return Period
2.3.4. Data Analysis Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Drought Indices in Monitoring Actual Drought Events
3.2. Spatiotemporal Variation Patterns of Drought in Liaoning Province
3.3. Analysis of Drought Recurrence Periods
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Regions | Included Meteorological Stations |
---|---|
Eastern | Fushun, Qingyuan, Xinbin, Benxi, Kuandian, Dandong |
Western | Jianping, Jianchang, Chaoyang, Suizhong, Xingcheng, Zhangwu |
Southern | Dalian, Changhai, Wafangdian, Xiongyue, Yingkou, Dawa, Anshan, Xiuyan |
Northern | Changtu, Kaiyuan, Xinmin, Shenyang |
Drought Events Levels | Criteria |
---|---|
Light Drought and above | Drought Duration > 1 Drought Intensity > 1 |
Moderate Drought and above | Drought Duration > 3 Drought Intensity > 3 |
Severe Drought and above | Drought Duration > 5 Drought Intensity > 5 |
Extreme Drought and above | Drought Duration > 5 Drought Intensity > 5 |
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Wu, J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, X.; Cai, H. Spatiotemporal Variation Patterns of Drought in Liaoning Province, China, Based on Copula Theory. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091063
Wu J, Li Y, Zhang X, Cai H. Spatiotemporal Variation Patterns of Drought in Liaoning Province, China, Based on Copula Theory. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(9):1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091063
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jiayu, Yao Li, Xudong Zhang, and Huanjie Cai. 2024. "Spatiotemporal Variation Patterns of Drought in Liaoning Province, China, Based on Copula Theory" Atmosphere 15, no. 9: 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091063