Effects of Floor Level and Building Type on Residential Levels of Outdoor and Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Black Carbon, and Particulate Matter in New York City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Study design
Residential monitoring
Questionnaires
Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1. Floor Level (FL) Distribution by Study Participants
3.2. Vertical Gradients of Airborne-Pollutants, Effects of Season
3.3. Effects of Building Type
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Outdoor | Indoor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–2nd FL | 3rd–5th FL | 6th–32nd FL | 0–2nd FL | 3rd–5th FL | 6th–32nd FL | |
N | 32 | 47 | 19 | 99 | 143 | 57 |
Σ8PAHnonvolatile | 1.58 (1.96 ± 1.35) | 1.74 (2.45 ± 2.21) | 1.48 (1.84 ± 1.45) | 1.46 (2.03 ± 2.21) | 1.32 (230 ± 6.34) | 1.11 (1.67 ± 1.99) |
Σ8PAHsemivolatile | 13.5 (19.3 ± 19.4) | 16.4 (19.1 ± 10.4) | 13.4 (18.7 ± 14.3) | 36.8* (43.3 ± 24.1) | 44.6 (65.7 ± 65.4) | 41.0 (45.5 ± 25.7) |
BC | 1.54 (1.67 ± 0.52) | 1.65 (1.66 ± 0.44) | 1.36 (1.51 ± 0.48) | 1.59* (1.85 ± 1.08) | 1.52 (1.66 ± 0.72) | 1.35 (1.47 ± 0.51) |
PM2.5 | 10.6 (10.7 ± 4.06) | 11.6 (12.0 ± 3.21) | 10.2 (10.7 ± 3.10) | 13.1 (17.4 ± 14.7) | 13.4 (16.6 ± 13.1) | 12.8 (17.4 ± 13.8) |
Indoor levels without ETS exposure | p–value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0–2nd FL | 3rd–5th FL | 6th–32nd FL | ||
N | 79 | 118 | 42 | |
Σ8PAHnonvolatile | 1.53* (2.08 ± 2.34) | 1.31 (2.39 ± 6.96) | 0.96 (1.35 ± 1.06) | 0.033 |
Σ8PAHsemivolatile | 35.7 (40.4 ± 18.7) | 44.6 (64.3 ± 63.3) | 42.5 (48.1 ± 28.3) | 0.059 |
BC | 1.50** (1.75 ± 0.97) | 1.50 (1.67 ± 0.77) | 1.23 (1.35 ± 0.40) | 0.006 |
PM2.5 | 12.6 (16.4 ± 15.1) | 13.0 (15.6 ± 11.8) | 11.8 (16.1 ± 13.0) | 0.467 |
0–2nd FL | 3rd-5th FL | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-rise | High-rise | LR/HRa | Low-rise | High-rise | LR/HRa | |
N | 66 | 13 | 90 | 18 | ||
Σ8PAHnonvolatile | 1.57 (2.07 ± 2.18) | 1.47 (2.29 ± 3.12) | 1.1 | 1.32 (264 ± 7.93) | 1.02 (1.16 ± 0.79) | 1.3 |
Σ8PAHsemivolatile | 34.9 (42.7 ± 26.5) | 30.9 (41.5 ± 27.4) | 1.1 | 45.3 (67.9 ± 68.1) | 45.7 (50.0 ± 34.4) | 0.99 |
BC | 1.56 (1.83 ± 1.05) | 1.29 (1.43 ± 0.49) | 1.2 | 1.50 (1.71 ± 0.83) | 1.41 (1.36 ± 0.43) | 1.1 |
PM2.5 | 13.4 (17.8 ± 16.3) | 9.55 (126 ± 7.13) | 1.4 | 12.9 (15.2 ± 9.98) | 12.9 (13.1 ± 5.21) | 1.0 |
Acknowledgments
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Jung, K.H.; Bernabé, K.; Moors, K.; Yan, B.; Chillrud, S.N.; Whyatt, R.; Camann, D.; Kinney, P.L.; Perera, F.P.; Miller, R.L. Effects of Floor Level and Building Type on Residential Levels of Outdoor and Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Black Carbon, and Particulate Matter in New York City. Atmosphere 2011, 2, 96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos2020096
Jung KH, Bernabé K, Moors K, Yan B, Chillrud SN, Whyatt R, Camann D, Kinney PL, Perera FP, Miller RL. Effects of Floor Level and Building Type on Residential Levels of Outdoor and Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Black Carbon, and Particulate Matter in New York City. Atmosphere. 2011; 2(2):96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos2020096
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Kyung Hwa, Kerlly Bernabé, Kathleen Moors, Beizhan Yan, Steven N. Chillrud, Robin Whyatt, David Camann, Patrick L. Kinney, Frederica P. Perera, and Rachel L. Miller. 2011. "Effects of Floor Level and Building Type on Residential Levels of Outdoor and Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Black Carbon, and Particulate Matter in New York City" Atmosphere 2, no. 2: 96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos2020096