The Impact of Planting Trees on NOx Concentrations: The Case of the Plaza de la Cruz Neighborhood in Pamplona (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of Study Area, Modelling Set-Up and Investigated Scenarios
2.1. The Study Area and Modeling Set-Up
2.2. Description of Investigated Scenarios
- a)
- The effects of tree-foliage on concentration. LAD = 0.1 and 0.5 m2m−3 have been used to model deciduous vegetation in real cases and evergreen vegetation in virtual cases, respectively;
- b)
- The effects on concentration of introducing new vegetation in a tree-free street.
3. CFD Modelling Evaluation
3.1. Previous Validation Studies
3.2. Current Validation Study
- -
- A deposition velocity of 0.01 m s−1 has been considered, which is a high value for NOx, but still within the range of realistic values [25]. This selection has been done in order to analyze the case where the reduction of concentration by means of vegetation is maximum;
- -
- Three different ranges of inlet wind speeds were considered to simulate the corresponding scenarios for each wind direction, so 48 simulations have been carried out (Table 2);
- -
- Then, depending on wind speed measured by the meteorological station located close to the neighborhood, at each hour the corresponding simulation was selected and the concentrations were computed.
4. Impact of Tree-Foliage on NOx Concentration: Influence of Deposition and Aerodynamic Effects
4.1. The Effects of Deposition
4.2. The Relative Contribution of Aerodynamic and Deposition Effects
5. Impact of New Vegetation on NOx Concentration: Influence of Deposition and Aerodynamic Effects
6. Summary and Conclusions
- -
- The global decrease of concentration at 3 m in the neighborhood due to deposition is small for cases with low LAD (deciduous). For example, in the real-tree case comparing spatial-averaged concentrations from no deposition simulation with simulation considering a deposition velocity of 0.03 m s−1 (very high deposition velocity), differences of less than 2% are observed. A slightly higher effect (6.9%) is obtained for LAD = 0.5 m2m−3; however, deposition effects could be locally higher in certain zones, especially for higher LADs;
- -
- The aerodynamic effects of vegetation induce a general increase of concentration which dominates versus the decreasing of concentration due to deposition. Comparing cases with different LADs, deposition increases with increasing LAD—however spatial-averaged concentrations are always higher for high LADs (dense foliage);
- -
- The inclusion of new trees in one street modifies the distribution of pollutant, not only in that street, but also in nearby locations. Global effects in pollutant concentration are small, however, locally differences much greater of 20 µg m−3 are found when comparing Current cases with New cases. In some zones, the concentration increases with the new trees, but decreases in others. Also, the use of vegetation as an air pollution reduction strategy within the streets seems to not be appropriate in general, and local studies would be necessary for each particular case to select the suitable location of new vegetation planted.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenario | Location of Vegetation | Type of Vegetation | Deposition Velocity (m s−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Current-1.a | Current location | Deciduous (LAD = 0.1 m2m−3) | 0 |
Current-1.b | 0.005 | ||
Current-1.c | 0.01 | ||
Current-1.d | 0.03 | ||
Current-2.a | Current location | Evergreen (LAD = 0.5 m2m−3) | 0 |
Current-2.b | 0.005 | ||
Current-2.c | 0.01 | ||
Current-2.d | 0.03 | ||
New-1.a | New trees in one tree-free street | Deciduous (LAD = 0.1 m2m−3) | 0 |
New-1.b | 0.005 | ||
New-1.c | 0.01 | ||
New-1.d | 0.03 | ||
New-2.a | New trees in one tree-free street | Evergreen (LAD = 0.5 m2m−3) | 0 |
New-2.b | 0.005 | ||
New-2.c | 0.01 | ||
New-2.d | 0.03 |
Ranges of Inlet Wind Speed at 10 m | vref/vdep |
---|---|
vref > 4.5 m·s−1 | 640 |
2 m·s−1 < vref < 4.5 m·s−1 | 320 |
vref < 2 m·s−1 | 107 |
Deposition Velocity | Maximum of Reduction (µg m−3) | Maximum of Relative Reduction | Reduction Zone 1 (%) | Reduction Zone 2 (%) | Spatial-Averaged Concentration (µg m−3) | Reduction of Spatial-Averaged Concentration (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.005 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 0.07 | 0 | 105.0 | 0.27 |
0.01 | 13.4 | 8.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 104.7 | 0.54 |
0.03 | 35.6 | 25 | 7 | 4 | 103.7 | 1.54 |
Deposition Velocity | Maximum of Reduction (µg m−3) | Maximum of Relative Reduction | Reduction Zone 1 (%) | Reduction Zone 2 (%) | Spatial-Averaged Concentration (µg m−3) | Reduction of Spatial-Averaged Concentration (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.005 | 38 | 31 | 8 | 3.6 | 111.2 | 1.5 |
0.01 | 66 | 49 | 17 | 9.2 | 109.7 | 2.8 |
0.03 | 147 | 74 | 40 | 30.5 | 105.1 | 6.9 |
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Santiago, J.-L.; Rivas, E.; Sanchez, B.; Buccolieri, R.; Martin, F. The Impact of Planting Trees on NOx Concentrations: The Case of the Plaza de la Cruz Neighborhood in Pamplona (Spain). Atmosphere 2017, 8, 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8070131
Santiago J-L, Rivas E, Sanchez B, Buccolieri R, Martin F. The Impact of Planting Trees on NOx Concentrations: The Case of the Plaza de la Cruz Neighborhood in Pamplona (Spain). Atmosphere. 2017; 8(7):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8070131
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantiago, Jose-Luis, Esther Rivas, Beatriz Sanchez, Riccardo Buccolieri, and Fernando Martin. 2017. "The Impact of Planting Trees on NOx Concentrations: The Case of the Plaza de la Cruz Neighborhood in Pamplona (Spain)" Atmosphere 8, no. 7: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8070131